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Revision The Sun is our closest star. There are 9 planets in our solar system. Earth and Space The moon affects The Earth’s tides. Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto The Earth spins in A clockwise direction. Materials and their Properties Any material that lets a lot of light through. glass Clear plastic Any material that lets a little bit of light through. Tracing paper Frosted glass Bubble wrap Any material that lets no light through. Other properties Brick wall Wood Cardboard PERMEABLE materials allow water to soak through. IMPERMEABLE materials do not allow any water to soak through. BRITTLE materials break easily. MALLEABLE materials can be shaped. INSULATING materials keep things warm or cold. Separating Materials Evaporation Evaporate = liquid to water vapour Condense= water vapour to liquid heat The hotter the liquid The faster it will evaporate Clouds are made from water vapour. When they condense we get rain. Water vapour is a gas. Rain is a liquid. Ice is a solid Burning is irreversible Cooking is irreversible Changing Materials Solid Particles are closely packed together. No spaces between. Liquid Particles are spaced out more but still touching. Gas Particles are widely spaces and not touching. Melting is sometimes reversible (chocolate) (ice) but sometimes irreversible (plastic) There are 2 types of forces Pushes Upthrust Forces Gravity is a pulling force which pulls all objects towards the centre of the Earth. is a pushing force which pushes objects away from the centre of the Earth. and Pulls Air/Water Resistance will pull magnetic objects Magnetism is a pushing force which pushes objects in the opposite direction. Friction is a pulling force which has the effect of slowing things down. Forces are measured in NEWTONS. Light LIGHT CAN BE SPLIT INTO SEVEN COLOURS A shadow is formed when an object or person BLOCKS the light from a source. The CLOSER the object is to the light source the LIGHT SOURCES ? LARGER the shadow. Sound Sound travels in all directions. Sound travels in WAVES. Reflected sound is called an ECHO. Sound is a type of ENERGY. Sound travels to our outer ear, along the ear canal to the ear drum, then to the cochlea. Finally it travels along the aural nerve to the brain. NOISE is disorganised sound that we find annoying. MUSIC is organised sound that we find pleasant. Electricity can be stored in batteries Or taken from the mains. Electricity Electricity is A type of ENERGY MAINS ELECTRICITY IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS! switch It can be used to power many appliances in our homes, schools and work places. bulb Electricity will only flow in a complete circuit An electrical CONDUCTOR is a material that allows electricity to pass through it. METALS are the best conductors. An electrical INSULATOR is a material that does not allow electricity to pass through it. They are surrounded by a magnetic field Magnetism N S S N These metals are magnetic N N S S Cobalt VERTEBRATES animals with backbones The vertebrates can be divided into 5 main groups. INVERTEBRATES animals without backbones Animals can be divided into 2 different groups eg INSECTS SPIDERS WORMS Animal World MAMMALS FISH Warm blooded Fur Live young Cold blooded Gills Scales Lay eggs REPTILES Cold blooded Mostly lay eggs AMPHIBIANS Cold blooded Lay eggs BIRDS Warm blooded Feathers Lay eggs Animals and plants are adapted to their environment in many different ways Habitat is the place where a plant or animal lives. If a living thing is not adapted to it’s environment, it will not survive. Habitats and Adaptation A fish lives in water so has gills for breathing, scales for waterproofing, fins for swimming Camels can store fat in their hump. they have special shaped feet and fur lined ears and nostrils. A cactus has spikes instead of leaves to reduce water loss. It can store water in it’s stem. Polar bears have a thick layer of fat and fur to insulate them against the severe cold. Birds can fly to the tops of trees to escape predators A stick insect is perfectly camouflaged in it’s environment. HEARING We can tell what sounds are and where they are coming from using our ears. SIGHT We see with our eyes. We have 2 eyes so we can judge distances. This is called BINOCULAR vision. HUMANS (and many animals) have 5 senses. Our Senses TASTE We use different parts of our tongue to sense different tastes such as bitter, sour, sweet or salty. TOUCH We use our skin and nerves to tell us if something is too hot/cold/sharp. This helps to protect us from danger. SMELL This is our strongest sense. We can tell the difference between good and bad smells. This may stop us from eating something which would make us ill. Food Chains and Interdependence Animals which only eat plants eg – rabbits, cows, sheep, camels, elephants, deer. Animals which only eat other animals (meat) eg – lions, dogs, cats, polar bears, sharks, penguins. Animals which eat a mixed diet (plants and animals) eg humans, whales, some monkeys. All animal life on Earth is dependent on plants which are dependent on the sun’s energy. PRODUCERS (green plants) are the first in a food chain CONSUMERS are all animals. A typical simple food chain PREDATORS PREY are animals that eat other animals. are animals that are eaten by other animals. Micro organisms amoeba Micro organisms can be harmful They can cause diseases like flu or coughs and more serious ones as well Micro organisms can be helpful They decompose waste and are added to food to improve the taste. ALWAYS WASH YOUR HANDS Micro organisms can be passed around through physical contact, coughing, sneezing And through contact with blood or other body fluids, The HEART Pumps blood around our body as part of the CIRCULATORY system. The more we exercise the faster the heart pumps. The LUNGS take OXYGEN out of the air we breathe in and replace it with unwanted CARBON DIOXIDE which we breathe out. The DIGESTIVE SYSTEM breaks down the food we eat with a range of ENZYMES and ACIDS. The waste products are then EXCRETED. Our Bodies Teeth help us chew food. We have 4 types INCISORS- for biting CANINES- for tearing PREMOLARS – for chewing MOLARS – for chewing Our SKELETON helps to support us and protect our internal organs. Our skeleton also helps us to move using a system of LIGAMENTS and MUSCLES Plants and their Life Cycles The LEAF makes the food for the plant by PHOTOSYNTHESIS using energy from the sun. The ROOTS take in water and NUTRIENTS from the soil they also ANCHOR the plant in place. Different parts of a plant have different functions. The stem TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS from the roots to the rest of the plant. GERMINATION The seed begins to grow a shoot POLLINATION Pollen from the STAMEN of one plant lands on the STIGMA of another Plant. DISPERSAL The plant spreads it’s seeds as far as possible so there is less competition for light and space, The flower produces SEEDS so that new plants can grow. Living Things ………have seven things that they ALL do……… MOVEMENT Animals walk crawl wiggle swim or fly. Plants move to face the sun. EXCRETION All living things have to get rid of waste products either through their digestive system (poo) or through their skin or leaves. GROWTH All living things grow. Some grow a lot and others just a little. RESPIRATION Plants breathe in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. Animals breathe in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide SENSITIVITY Animals and plants use their senses to respond to the environment. Animals can see, hear, feel touch and taste. Plants turn to face the sun or grow towards the light. REPRODUCTION All living things need to make sure www.treeofsongs.comtheir species survives they do this by NUTRITION reproduction. Animals give birth to All animals need to eat. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis live babies or lay eggs. Plants produce seeds. www.treeofsongs.com