Download Plants-NOTES

Plants!
• Dominate _________________
• Extreme ____________________
• __________________ (<1mm in width to >100m
in height)
• >270,000________________
• Live a few weeks to over ________ years
Did You Know?
• Some plants produce seeds,
others do not
• Now Introducing….
The SEED Plants…
SEED PLANTS…
• 2 groups of seed plants are the
_____________________
and
________________
Brassica rapa
The plant that we will be working with in
this unit is a _____________
____________, and is known as the
__________________________________.
The scientific name for this plant is
____________________________
Gymnosperms!
• Produce __________________ (not enclosed in
_____________) and ____________________
• Most retain their leaves year-round
• Most bear their seeds in cones
SEED Plants also include…
Angiosperms!
(Flowering Plants)
• Outnumber gymnosperms
• One growing season includes germination,
mature plant, and production of new seeds
again = successful (10 years for gymnosperms)
• Besides producing flowers, angiosperms
produce _____________ (ripened __________)
that protect and aid in dispersal of seeds
• More diverse (What does diverse mean again?
Oh yeah! VARIETY)
Types of ROOTS
• ___________: anchor the plant into the
ground, receives water and nutrients for the
plant from soil
• ______________ (carrots): “taps into” the
water supply that is in the ground
• _____________________: numerous small
roots that branch
Root Hairs…
Root hairs: extensions of
roots that ____________
__________________
__________________
Hydroponics
• Growing plants ____________
________ by using solutions to
provide the necessary
_______________ for growth.
Reaching into the SOIL…
_________________- how the soil FEELS
________________- Chemicals needed for the
functioning and growth of living things
______________-present in soil, is material
that was once living and is important for
fertile soil
Soil may be considered ___________:
mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
Fertilizer
• Includes manure, ________________,
_____________________, and
___________________ compounds,
spread on or worked into soil to increase
its capacity to support _______________
_______________.
• ____________: Percentage of the 3 above
chemicals found in purchased fertilizer.
Root Adaptations
• Roots are often adapted to store
carbohydrates and water
• Carbohydrates are converted to starch
• (WE EAT THE STARCH!)
STEMS: also known as
pedicels or stalks of flowers
• Varieties represent adaptations to the environment
• STEMS:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Animal
• Also give support to leaves!
protection
Cactus Plant
Potato
Water storage and
photosynthesis
Storing energy as starch
What are SEEDS?
• Seeds contain
__________________________________
• Good conditions trigger _______________
(evidence of growth from embryo to
________________)
*
____________________________
*
____________________________
*
____________________________
4 STAGES of PLANT Growth:
•
•
•
•
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
…..What are COTYLEDONS?
Cotyledons
• Seed leaves, it
is where
_____________
occurs and
where ______ is
stored for the
seed.
Monocots vs. Dicots
• _____________ means one
• ________ means two
• Plants with one cotyledon are called
__________________
• Plants with two cotyledons are called
_______________.
Leaves!
• __________________________________
Now…
• Onto the REPRODUCTIVE
parts of PLANTS!
• There are MALE and
FEMALE parts!
Parts of Flowers…
• ___________: located at the base of a
flower, protect the other parts of a
developing flower before it opens, is
often green
• ___________: brightly-colored if part
of an animal-pollinated plant, small or
absent if part of a wind-pollinated plant
Male Reproductive Parts of
Flowers
• ___________-male reproductive structure,
consists of an _____________ and a
_________________
• Anther-contains __________________
• ____________- stalk, supports an anther
Female Reproductive Parts of
Flowers
• ______________- made up of the
_________, __________, and _________
• Style- stalk-like, rises from the ovary, has
a tip called the stigma that is sticky or
has hairs to trap pollen grains, protects
the pollen tube
NOTE:
• Most species of flowering plants have
flowers with both stamens and pistils.
They are called __________________.
Some species have only stamens
(male flowers) or only pistils (female
flowers)
________________
• The transfer of pollen from the anther to
the stigma to fertilize the egg (either
occurring on the same plant or to another
plant)
• Self-pollination: Involves either the same
flower, flowers on the same plant, or flowers
from two genetically identical plants.
• Cross Pollination: Involves two genetically
different plants. Plants produced this way are
called hybrids.
Pollen Dispersal
• Sea Grasses = by water
• Oaks & grasses = by air (therefore, flowers are
small and lack showy petals)
• Many other species = by animals (showy flowers)
• Successful Wind Pollination depends on:
• Release of LARGE amounts of pollen
• Ample circulation of air to carry pollen
• Relative proximity of plants to one
another
• Dry weather
Animal Pollinators
(While obtaining nectar, desirable seeds, fruits)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bats
Bees
Beetles
Moths
Butterflies
Hummingbirds
Monkeys
When animals are attracted to showy
People
flowers, they come to feed on the flower.
Pollen sticks to their bodies and the
animals deposit some of the pollen onto
another flower that they go and feed on.
Parts of a BEE BODY
____________________
• When pollen reaches the ovule
Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds
• Success of the seed plants comes from
the development of fruits and seeds that
are adapted for dispersing offspring.
Fruits and seeds result from sexual
reproduction in flowering plants. Fruits
are adapted for dispersing seeds, and
seeds function in the dispersal and
propagation of plants.
• Dispersal can be by animals, wind,
water, forcible discharge, and gravity.
Plant Responses
• ________________: Response to gravity
• ________________ Geotropism: Moving
with gravity…roots growing DOWN
(toward EARTH)
• ________________ Geotropism: Stems,
leaves, petals, reproductive parts growing
UP (against gravity and away from Earth)
Heliotropism
• Response to
_______________
_
• _________ = Plant
reaching for the
sunlight
• ___________=
plant droops
Phototropism
• Plants move in the direction of the
_______________ ________________
Invasive Species
• Any ______-____________ species
(plant, animal, fungus, protist, bacteria)
including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other
biological material capable of propagating
native species belonging to an ecosystem;
and whose introduction does or is likely to
cause economic or environmental harm or
harm to human health.
• Example: Buckthorn in Illinois Forest
Preserves