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Red Clover • Description: purplish red clover head, hairy stem, 3 leaved segments, pale ring on leaves • Poisonous parts: all • Found: all over US, in fields • Signs of poisoning: – Excessive salivation – Bloating – Diarrhea – Blindness – Abortion – Laminitis Jimsonweed http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html • Scientific Name: Datura spp. • Other Names: Devils Trumpet, Angels Trumpet • Description: can grow up to 5’ tall, large toothed leaves, white to light violet trumpet shaped flowers, 2” spiny seed pods • Poisonous Parts: flowers, leaves, seeds • Found: All over US, common in fields • Horses will only eat if other food is not available Jimsonweed http://www.fcps.edu/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/jimsonweed.htm • Flowers smell sweet, but otherwise plant has bad odor • Many black seeds inside spiny seed pod Jimsonweed http://www.fcps.edu/StratfordLandingES/Ecology /mpages/jimsonweed.htm http://plants.usda.gov/java/ profile?symbol=DAST&phot oID=dast_003_ahp.jpg Signs of Poisoning: • Excitement, then sudden depression • Colic • Diarrhea • Low temp • Extreme thirst • Dilated pupils • Convulsions • Coma • Paralysis • Respiratory paralysis results in death Poison Hemlock http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html • Scientific Name: Conium maculatum http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/conium.html • Description: grows up to 10’ tall, green stem with purple spots, lacy triangiular leaves, musky odor, small white flowers clustered with a flat top • Poisonous Parts: all • Found: all over US, field edges and roadsides • Horses can find texture palatable http://plants.usda.g ov/java/profile?sym bol=COMA2&photo ID=coma2_2v.jpg Poison Hemlock Signs of Poisoning: • Bloating • Cold extremities • Dilated pupils • Weak heart beat • Trembling • Paralysis • Coma • Respiratory paralysis results in death http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/addl/toxic/plant28.htm Yellow Star Thistle • Scientific Name: Centaurea solstitialis • Description: grows up to 2’ tall, bright yellow flowers with a spiny base, leaves covered in cottony hair • Poisonous parts: all • Found: NOT in MI, found in southern & western US, in fields, pastures, & roadsides • Poisoning usually occurs in fall when horses may acquire a taste for the plant and seek it out http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Yellow Star Thistle Signs of Poisoning: • “Chewing Disease” http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CESO3 – Involuntary chewing – Lip twitching – Swelling around the mouth • Facial muscle paralysis – Unable to chew or close mouth • Death eventually occurs from starvation and dehydration http://kaweahoaks.com/html/yellow_starthistle.html Foxglove • Scientific Name: Digitalis purpurea • Description: purple, pink, red or white tubular flowers with dark spots, flowers open downward, leaves are alternate, hairy and slightly toothed • Poisonous Parts: flowers, leaves, seeds • Found: all over US, often in flower gardens http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Foxglove http://www.freefoto.com/preview.jsp?id =12-57-51&k=Foxglove+-+Digitalis One bite is fatal Signs of poisoning: • Colic • Bloody feces • Poor appetite • Pain • Frequent urination • Irregular heartbeat • Possible convulsions prior to death Poinsettia • Description: upper leaves turn red, pink or white in late fall, • Poisonous parts: leaves, stems and sap • Found: all over US as a holiday ornamental plant, native to Mexico • Scientific Name: Euphorbia pulcherrima http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Poinsetta http://www.schaefergreenhous es.com/poinsettia.html •Poinsettas have low toxicity Signs of poisoning: • Skin – Redness and swelling – Blistering • Gastrointestinal – Stomach pain – Diarrhea http://www.schaefergreenhous es.com/poinsettia.html Oak Tree • Poisonous Parts: acorns, young leaves • Found: all over US • Signs of poisoning: – – – – – – Bloody diarrhea Abdominal pain Kidney & liver damage Frequent urination Thirst Anorexia http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html • Signs of toxicity occur when large amount are ingested • Symptoms may last 3-10 days • Death occurs with 85% of horses showing signs Oleander http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.ht ml Description: • Woody evergreen bush, grows up to 30’ tall • Leaves – leathery & pointed leaves – grow opposite each other in groups of 3 – arranged in whorls • Flowers – grow in clusters at the ends of branches – white, pink, purplish, red Oleander http://vet.purdue.edu/depts/addl/toxic/color52.htm •Takes only 1 ounce of leaves to kill a horse Oleander Signs of Poisoning: • Diarrhea • Trembling • Cold extremities • Paralysis • Coma • Cardiac arrest followed by death • Scientific Name: Nerium oleander • Poisonous Parts: all (do NOT burn—smoke is also toxic) • Found: NOT in MI, found in southern US & on the west coast http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander • Description: Great Laurel is an evergreen tree that grows up to 35’ tall, it has 4-10” oblong alternating leaves, mixed pink and white or various single colored flowers are arranged in clusters White-flowered rhododendron is a 3-6’ shrub with smaller leaves and flowers than the Great Laurel Rhododendron • Other Names: Great Laurel, White-flowered Rhododendron • Poisonous parts: all http://www.monmouth.com/~asalerno/tony/ho use/rhodadendrons.html Rhododendron Found: in wet wooded areas in eastern US, only whiteflowered rhododendron is seen in mountainous areas of US http://www.pbase.com/copperhill/gardens http://www.pbase.com/copperhill/image/60478206 Rhododendron Signs of poisoning: • Kidney or liver damage • Repeated swallowing • Salivation • Depression • Bloating • Colic signs • Weakness • Coma • Death http://www.pbase.com/copperhill/gardens Rhubarb • Signs of Poisoning: – Weakness, – Difficulty breathing – Abdominal pain – Diarrhea – Convulsions – Coma – Death from cardiovascular collapse http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Poisonous Parts: leaves Horsetail http://www.ansci.corne ll.edu/plants/horselist. html • Description: grows up to 3’ tall, segmented hollow stem has many whorls of thin grass-like leaves, • Poisonous parts: • Found: worldwide • Toxicity higher in green plants http://www.traderscreek.com/Su rvival_Guide/Edible_Plants/hors etail.asp • Scientific Name: Equisetum arvense Horsetail Signs of Poisoning: • Trembling • Muscular rigidity • Diarrhea • Rapid pulse • Cold extremities • Coma and death if feed source is not removed **Horses must consume plant over a 2 week period—sometimes plant is in hay http://www.ansci.cornell.ed u/plants/horselist.html http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Bracken Fern • Description: dark stem, segments of leaves in triangular shape, leaves are firm & leathery • Poisonous Parts: all • Found: worldwide in most forested areas • Horses rarely eat this plant unless no other food is available • Scientific Name: Pteridium aquilinium http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Bracken Fern Signs of poisoning: • Loss of coordination • Depression • Blindness • Stand in braced position with legs apart • Death may occur if horse not removed from source of plant http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandin gES/Ecology/mpages/bracken_fern.htm • Horses must eat plant for a month to see toxicity signs Pokeweed • Description: grows up to 6-9’ tall, red purplish woody stalk, 5-10” alternating leaves, shiny purple to black berries mature July-Sept • Poisonous Parts: all • Found: in eastern 2/3 of US • Scientific Name: Phytolacca americana Signs of Poisoning: • Salivation • Colic • Muscular weakness • Diarrhea (often bloody) • Respiratory failure, anemia & gastritis are severe symptoms • Moderate quantities of the plant must be consumed to show signs Pokeweed http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph24.htm • Scientific Name: Black Solanum spp. • Description: maximum of 3’ tall, pointed oval leaves that are purplish on underside, white to light purple star shaped flowers, bloom year round, small shiny black berries • Poisonous Parts: leaves, immature fruit • Found: all over US, common along fence rows Nightshade Black Nightshade Signs of poisoning: • Signs of neurological & gastrointestinal disorders • Tiredness • Muscle twitching • Bloating • Congestion in the lungs, heart & spleen http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Choke Cherry • Scientific Name: Prunus spp. • Other Names: Wild http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Cherries, Black Cherry, Bitter Cherry, Choke • Description: tree grows Cherry, Pin Cherry up to 30’ tall, bark is reddish brown, simple alternating oblong leaves, bloom white or pink cones of flowers April to July, red to black cherries ripen July to Sept. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Choke Cherry • Poisonous Parts: seeds & leaves • Found: all over US http://web.mit.edu/cfox/www/flowers/2003-05-31/2141_Med.jpg.2.html Choke Cherry Signs of poisoning: • Bright red mucus membranes • Slobbering • Increased respiration • Weak pulse • Convulsions • Rapid Death http://www.borealfor est.org/shrubs/shru b31.htm Red Maple • Poisonous parts: wilted or dried leaves, bark • Found: eastern half • Signs of poisoning: of US – Severe anemia – – – – – – http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandi ngES/Ecology/mpages/red_maple.htm Weakness Depression Pale mucus membranes Dark brown urine Abortion Death due to RBC unable to transport oxygen to tissues Milk Weed • Poisonous Parts: all • Found: all over US, in fields • Description: grows to 3’ tall, thick green stem and leaves, oblong leaves, teardrop shaped seed pods filled with silky white hairs, small light pink flowers in clusters Milkweed • • • • • • • • • Signs of poisoning: Bloating Staggering Rapid pulse Gastroenteritis Depression Weakness High Temp Seizures •Labored Breathing may occur before death Ornamental Yew • Description: evergreen shrub, short spiny needles, reddish brown bark, bright red berries in fall • Poisonous Parts: leaves, seeds, twigs • Found: all over US, often used as ornamental shrub • Scientific Name: Taxus cuspidata • Other Names: Ground Hemlock http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Ornamental Yew • • • • • Signs of poisoning: Nervousness Confusion Diarrhea Heart will slow and circulation fails • Death is the usual outcome http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Taxus_baccata • One bite is deadly • Horse might collapse right next to plant after eating it http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2093 Black Walnut Tree • Description: compound leaves arranged opposite of each other, tennis ball size green fruits, dark grayish black bark • Poisonous parts: bark • Found: eastern & Midwestern US • Horses are affected when shavings from the tree are used as bedding • Allergic reaction to standing or laying in bedding – Swelling of the legs – Laminitis Black Walnut Tree Ragworts OR Groundsel • Poisonous Parts: leaves • Found: NOT in MI, found in dry areas of US http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/horselist.html Vetch • Common Name: Common Vetch, Hairy Vetch, Narrow leaved Vetch, Purple Vetch and Broad Beans • Poisonous Parts: seeds