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Identifying Plants Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot, Sand Bluestem § Andropogon gerardii Vitman § Perennial, warm season, native, good grazer, decreases with soil disturbance, increases with fire § Tall grass, short roots, stemmy hair at the base § Seed head branches into three parts resembling a turkey’s foot; can produce high-quality hay Sideoats Grama § Bouteloua curtipendula § § § § (Michx.) Torr. Perennial, warm season, native, increaser Adapted to fire and grazing; decreases with soil disturbance Oatlike seeds produced on the side of the plant Nutritious forage; an important grazing species Annual Threeawn, Prairie Threeawn § Aristida oligantha Michx. § Annual, warm season, native, increaser § Wiry clumps, 6 to 24 inches tall § Sharp, needlelike awns can cause eye infections in grazing livestock; awns can become entangled in sheep wool and lessen its value Blue Grama § Bouteloua gracilis (Willd.ex § § § Kunth) Lag.ex Griffiths Perennial, warm season, native, increaser Bunch grass, 10 to 29 inches high Seed is curved and resembles an eyebrow; produces a good winter forage; can withstand close grazing Buffalograss § Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) § § § § Engelm. Perennial, warm season, native, increaser Short grass Forms a dense sod and withstands grazing Sometimes used as a lawn grass Switchgrass § Panicum virgatum L. § Perennial, warm season, native, decreaser, good grazer, responds well to fire § Tall grass; large, sprangled seed head § Cutting young, tender plants produces good quality hay; horses tend to avoid this species Bermudagrass § Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. § Perennial, warm season, introduced, good grazer § Sod forming, spreads by runners § Often used to control soil erosion, sometimes considered a noxious weed § Commonly used as a lawn grass Little Bluestem § Schizachyrium scoparium § § § § (Michx.) Nash Perennial, warm season, native, decreaser, good grazer, adapted to fire Deep roots, bluish stem, leaves tend to fold An important component of prairie hay Recovers well from prescribed burns Indiangrass § Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash § Perennial, warm season, native, decreaser, good grazer, responds well to fire § Tall grass; seed produced in heads like sorghum § Produces a high-quality hay; considered to be a key management species for prairie restoration Johnsongrass § Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. § Perennial, warm season, introduced § Tall grass § Can produce high-quality forage and hay, but it can become toxic under certain growing conditions; has become a troublesome roadside weed Antelope-horn Milkweed, Green Antelope Horn § Asclepias viridis Walter § Perennial, warm season, native § Stiff, nonbranching stems; opposite leaves are large and thick § Various Asclepias flowers are important for migrating butterflies Yarrow, Common Yarrow, Common Milfoil § Achillea millefolium L. § Perennial, warm season, native § Tall, erect stems; stems covered with long, silky hairs § Often grown as an ornamental Musk Thistle, Nodding Thistle § Carduus nutans L. § Biennial, warm season, introduced § Erect stem; 15 to 78 inches tall; stiff, barbed leaves; showy, pink florets § Considered a noxious weed; many states, including Oklahoma, regulate its eradication Western Ragweed § Ambrosia psilostachya DC. § Perennial, warm season, native § Erect stems, gray-green leaves, rhizome-like roots § Pollen causes severe hayfever for many people Indian Paintbrush, Paint Cup § Castilleja indivisa Engelm. § Annual, warm season, native § Flowers are usually a bright § § red-orange color Can grow in shallow soils and heavily grazed areas; can establish large populations Prized as a roadside wildflower Purple Coneflower, Blacksampson, Echinacea § Echinacea angustifolia DC. § Perennial, warm season, native § Tall, erect stem; showy purple florets; long narrow leaves § Valuable as a medicinal and herbal plant § Often grown as an ornamental Plains Tickseed, Golden Coreopsis, Wild Flax § Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. § Annual, warm season, native § Erect stem; ascending § branches; narrow, divided leaves; showy florets Often grown as an ornamental Snow-on-the-Mountain, White-Margined Spurge § Euphorbia marginata Pursh § Annual, warm season, native § Tall, erect stem; white- § margined leaves; showy white florets; sometimes used as an ornamental The foliage is toxic to livestock but is usually avoided by them; often grows in disturbed area Indian Blanket, Firewheel, Rose-Ring Gaillardia § Gaillardia pulchella Foug. § Annual, warm season, native § Showy, radiating, brownish § red and yellow florets The state wildflower of Oklahoma; Native Americans considered it to be good luck Annual Sunflower, Common Sunflower § Helianthus annuus L. § Annual, warm season, native § Tall with large heads; rough, § § § hairy stems Palatable to livestock Its presence is an indicator of disturbed soil Cultivated varieties are grown for cut flowers Common Broomweed, Annual Broomweed § Gutierrezia dracunculoides § § § (DC.) Blake Annual, warm season, native Tough, woody stem; branches near the top; yellow florets in the fall Used in dried floral arrangements and architectural models Mexican Hat, Prairie Coneflower, Long-Headed Coneflower § Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) § Perennial, warm season, native § Erect stems; long cylindrical heads with showy, drooping, yellow and red-brown florets § Popular as a garden ornamental Blackeyed Susan, Hairy Coneflower § Rudbeckia hirta L. § Perennial, warm season, native § Individual or clump stems, bristly hairs, few branches, flowers are yellow with a dark center § Often forms large populations § Prized as both a wildflower and an ornamental Silverleaf Nightshade, White Horse Nettle § Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. § Perennial, warm season, native § Silvery-white, oblong leaves; blue-violet and yellow flowers; yellow berries in the winter § Considered a noxious weed in plowed fields § Toxic but usually not eaten by livestock Compass Plant, Rosin Weed § Silphium laciniatum L. § Perennial, warm season, native § Tall, stout, erect stems ooze sap when broken; showy florets § Leaf blades have a general north-south orientation § Highly palatable to cattle; decreases with grazing Buffalo Bur, Texas Thistle, Mala Mujer, Sand Bur § Solanum rostratum Dunal § Annual, warm season, native § Erect stems, 6 to 24 inches § tall; hairy and densely covered with stiff, long, prickles or spines Aggressive weed that often forms large populations in disturbed soil Canada Goldenrod § Solidago canadensis L. § Perennial, warm season, native § Tall, erect stems; yellow heads on curved branches § Often mistaken for ragweed, but it is insect pollinated Western Ironweed, Baldwin’s Ironweed § Vernonia baldwinii Torr. § Perennial, warm season, native § Stiff, erect woody stem covered with short, dense hair; purple or red flowers § Butterflies visit the heads § The name reflects the tough nature of the plant Goat ’s Beard, Meadow Salisfy, Showy Goat’s Beard § Tragopogon pratensis L. § Biennial, warm season, introduced § Tall, erect stems; milky sap; large, yellow heads that produce a fuzzy sphere at maturity § Not eaten by livestock Cocklebur, Abrojo, Porcupine Eggs § Xanthium strumarium L. § Annual, warm season, introduced § Stout stems; spreading branches; alternate leaves, rough to the touch; hard, oval bur with strong, hooked spines § Inspired the invention of Velcro fasteners Leadplant, Wild Tea, Shoestrings § Amorpha canescens Pursh § Perennial, warm season, native § Silvery gray foliage; purple flowers § A very important prairie legume; highly nutritious for livestock § Its presence is an indicator of rangeland quality Large-Bracted Wild Indigo, Plains Wild Indigo, Yellow False Indigo § Baptisia bracteata Muhl.ex § § § Elliott Perennial, warm season, native Stout, erect stems; yellowish cream-colored flowers; thick, olive-brown seeds Unpalatable to livestock and may be toxic Blue Wild Indigo, Blue False Indigo § Baptisia australis (L.) R.Br. § Perennial, warm season, native § Stout, erect stems; bluish purple flowers; foliage turns a dark gray color after maturing § Native Americans used the plant to make dye § Sometimes used as an ornamental Nuttall’s Sensitivebriar, Sensitive Rose, Catclaw Sensitivebriar, Shame Vine § Mimosa quadrivalvis L.var. § § § nuttallii (DC.) Barneby Perennial, warm season, native Sprawling stems with stout, curved prickles; puffy pink flowers Leaves fold together when touched Pecan § Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) § § § K.Koch Native; height to 65 feet; fast growing Generally associated with river drainages (bottom-land soils) Economically important for nuts and wood Redbud, Judas Tree § Cercis canadensis L. § Native; height to 30 feet (sometimes called a shrub) § Blossoms range from white to lavendar to bright magenta in color; heart-shaped leaves § Popular as an ornamental and is the Oklahoma state tree Hackberry, Sugarberry, Southern Hackberry § Celtis laevigata Willd. § Native; height to 60 feet § Easily recognized by its light § § gray, warty bark Food for squirrels and birds; good shade tree Wood used for crates and athletic goods Honey Locust § Gleditsia triacanthos L. § Native; height to 65 feet § Hardy and fast growing; fruit § pods eaten by cattle and wildlife Persistent and aggressive; often considered a pest because of its nail-like thorns Eastern Redcedar § Juniperus virginiana L. § Native; height to 35 feet; § § § § relatively slow growing Frequently planted as a windbreak or shelterbelt Provides good cover for birds in the winter Harvested for its aromatic wood In many areas, it is considered an invasive pest Virginia Creeper, Woodbine § Parthenocissus quinquefolia § § § § (L.) Native; vine with climbing stems Common in forests and as an ornamental plant Bright red foliage in the fall Often mistaken for Poison Ivy; however, Virginia Creeper has 5 leaves and Poison Ivy has 3 leaves Osage Orange, Hedgeapple, Bois d ’Arc, Bodark § Maclura pomifera (Raf.) § § § § C.K.Schneid. Native; height to 40 feet; fast growing Its dense, hard wood used by Native Americans for making bows; also makes good fence posts The large fruits are very palatable to livestock In many areas, it is considered an invasive pest Eastern Cottonwood § Populus deltoides Marshall § Native; height to 80 feet; extremely fast growing § Leaves flutter in even a slight breeze, allowing it to be distinguishable at a great distance § Associated with wet soils near streams and ponds, but it can withstand droughty conditions Sand Plum, Chickasaw Plum, Sandhill Plum § § § § Prunus angustifolia Marshall Native; height to 9 feet; shrub Forms thickets Edible fruits; good wildlife food and habitat Post Oak § Quercus stellata Wangenh. § Native; small-or medium-sized tree § Easily recognized by its light gray, flaking bark § Non-awned leaves have the feel of sandpaper § Along with Blackjack Oak, is dominating oak of the Cross Timbers region Blackjack Oak § Quercus marilandica § § § Muenchh. Native; small tree Easily recognized by its irregular growth form, drooping dead branches, deeply furrowed bark, and glossy awned leaves A dominating oak of the Cross Timbers region Smooth Sumac, Scarlet Sumac, Dwarf Sumac § Rhus glabra L. § Native; shrub or rarely small § § § § trees Fruits eaten by birds Establishes extensive thickets Brilliant, scarlet foliage in the fall Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental Black Willow § Salix nigra Marshall § Native; height to 50 feet § Leaning, twisted, rough§ § barked trunk Typically found in wet soils along streams and ponds; often forms gallery forests Largest native willow in Oklahoma Poison Ivy, Poison Mercury § Toxicodendron radicans L. § Native § Vine or shrub; typically § climbs Causes severe skin rash with swelling, itching, and blistering Coralberry § Symphoricarpos orbiculatus § § § Moench Native; shrub to 3 feet Establishes colonies; small red fruits usually persist on the stems through winter Sometimes used as an ornamental and for erosion control American Elm § Ulmus americana L. § Native; height to 65 feet; fast growing § Easily recognized by its massive trunks, arching branches, and slender twigs; popular shade tree § Susceptible to attack by bark beetles and Dutch elm disease Thanks to the following for allowing the use of the illustrations: Bellamy Parks Jansen Oklahoma State University (Images are Copyrighted by Oklahoma State University) Identifying Plants the end