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CRCT Science Review Remember, common sense is your best friend Distinguish between surface features caused by constructive processes Constructive forces build up landforms. Deposition is the process of material being deposited or added to a landform. A sand dune is formed when sand is moved to form a ridge usually by wind, (sometimes by water). Another example of the constructive process of deposition is a delta. A delta forms at the mouth of a river when the sediment carried by the river is dropped off (deposited) as the water slows when it reaches the standing water of an ocean or lake. Some forces can be both constructive (building up landforms) and destructive (breaking down landforms). Volcanoes are constructive when lava and ash build up and cool forming mountains and islands. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes Volcanoes can also be destructive. Earthquakes are constructive when mountains are formed along fault lines. Earthquakes are also destructive http://mcwordpress.marshall.kyschools.us/bjhayden/6th-grade-science-notes/forces-shaping-earth/ Weathering is the destructive process of rock getting broken down by water, ice, or wind. Erosion is the carrying away/movement of broken down sediment. Organisms like plants can be destructive and weather rocks. Plants can also be constructive by holding soil in place to prevent erosion. Seismology, the study of earthquakes, cannot prevent earthquakes, but scientists can work to make buildings safer and get information about earthquakes when they occur. Humans use technology to try to prevent destructive forces. Dams are built across rivers to control the flow of water. Levees are built along the sides of rivers to keep water from overflowing the banks. Storm drain management tries to prevent flooding by using storm drains in paved roads and parking lots to drain water that would usually soak into the soil. In beach reclamation, humans “reclaim” a beach from erosion by moving sand back to areas it has been eroded from. Matter can be changed. When matter goes through a physical change, it may change state or appearance, but is the SAME substance. Other physical changes are cutting, tearing, breaking & melting. If an item is a mixture that can be separated back out, it went through a physical change. When matter goes through a chemical change, a chemical reaction occurs and a new substance is formed. Cooking & burning cause a chemical change. Some signs of a chemical change are: color or odor change heat or light produced gas produced Matter is never destroyed or created in chemical or physical changes. During a physical change such as water becoming steam, the mass of the water will equal the mass of the steam. During a chemical change such as charcoal burning, the mass of the charcoal will equal the mass of the ashes and gas produced. Static electricity is the build-up of electric charges on the surface of objects. Necessary Components for a Simple Electric Circuit Optional (Load) Open circuit no electricity flows Closed circuit electricity flows & bulb lights up Good Conductors of Electricity (electricity flows easily through a conductor) metals and most water Good Insulators of Electricity (electricity does not flow easily through a insulator) plastic, rubber, glass, cloth, wood Conductors, like metal wire, are usually covered with insulators, like plastic, to protect people from being shocked. Electromagnet Bar Magnet Can produce a magnetic field Produces a magnetic field Can be turned on and off Cannot be turned on and off Poles can be reversed Poles cannot be reversed Can be made more powerful by: Cannot be made more powerful • Adding a core (like the nail above) • Adding more power (batteries) • Adding more coils The Animal Kingdom is separated into: There are five types of vertebrates (animals with backbones): Mammals have hair or fur and nurse their young. Birds have feathers. Fish have hard scales and live in water. Reptiles have dry, scaly skin. Amphibians have moist skin & start their lives in water. Plants are multi-celled living things that make their own food Most plants are vascular. They have tubes that carry food and nutrients between the roots and leaves. A few plants are nonvascular. They don’t have true roots or leaves and absorb and pass along nutrients. Angiosperm Gymnosperm Angiosperms are vascular A gymnosperm [Greek for plants that produce flowers "naked seed"] is a vascular and fruit with protected plant that produces seeds not seeds. Angiosperms make up protected by fruit but hidden more than 80% of all plant in a woody cone. They don’t species. have flowers. Most retain their leaves year round. Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane that controls what goes into and out of a cell. Both plant and animal cells have cytoplasm, the gel-like substance that holds the organelles in place. Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus, the control center of a cell that contains the genes. Plant cells also have chloroplasts, which use sunlight to make food for the plant. Plant cells have a cell wall, which provides additional support and structure for the plant. Multi-celled organisms, like plants and animals, have specialized cells that have specific jobs. Cells make up tissues and organs that have different jobs and work together to keep the organism alive. In a single-celled organism, the cell has to carry out all of its life processes/functions. Microorganisms can be helpful & harmful. Helpful bacteria, like the bacteria in yogurt can help with digestion. Harmful bacteria, like strep and e-coli, can make you sick. Helpful bacteria are used to make food like pickles and cheese. . Microorganisms can be helpful & harmful. Helpful fungi, like yeast, help bread rise. Mushrooms are a popular food Helpful fungi and bacteria help break down and decompose. Harmful fungi can cause illnesses, like athlete’s foot. . Microorganisms can be helpful & harmful. Other microorganisms, like protozoa and algae, can be both helpful and harmful Viruses are harmful microorganisms that cause diseases like chicken pox, the flu, and measles. There are no helpful viruses. . Inherited traits are passed down through genes. For example: eye color left-handed/right-handed fur color type of hair earlobe type freckles Learned behaviors are picked up through the environment. language playing an instrument raising your hand in class method of eating animal tricks