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Monocots
25% of
flowering plants
(11 orders)
Petaloid Monocots
Poales
Juncaceae
6-tepals
3-ranked
leaves
Leaf
sheath
open
Stem Solid,
Round xsec.
Juncus dudleyi
Juncus
balticus
Luzula, Juncaceae
Note
6 tepals (dull-colored)
6 stamens
3 fused carpels, 3
stigma lobes
Cyperaceae
Loss of
tepals in
male
flowers
Fruit=
Achene
Leaf
Sheath
Fused
3-ranked
leaves
Perigynium
Tepals
reduced
to bristels
in female
flowers
Cyperaceae
Carex sp.
Note female
spiklets
Male
Spikelet
Female
Spikelet
Carex viridula
Male spikelet
The perigynium a
modified sac like
bract surrounding
the ovary or achene
is a feature of the
Cyperaceae. Note
stigmas protruding
from the top.
Female Spikelet
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Fig. 5. Silica body morphologies found
in the Poales and Dasypogonaceae.
A. Carex intermedia (Cyperaceae),
lateral view of a conical silica body with
tiny spines projecting near the base
(bar = 10 μ). B. Abildgaardia
monostachya (Cyperaceae), conical
bodies with satellites in epidermis (bar
= 10 μ). C. Juncus inflexus
(Juncaceae), silica sand in bundlesheath cells (bar = 20 μ). D. Juncus
arabicus (Juncaceae), silica sand in
vascular bundle-sheath cells (bar = 10
μ). E. Thamnochortus floribundus
(Restionaceae), an irregular or
granular form of silica observed in
epidermal cells (bar = 10 μ). F.
Anthochortus ecklonii (Restionaceae),
spherical silica bodies overlying the
sclerenchymatous bundle sheath (bar
= 10 μ). G. Thurnia jenmanii
(Thurniaceae), numerous small
spherical/nodular bodies in epidermal
cells (bar = 10 μ). H. Kingia australis
(Dasypogonaceae), spherical silica
bodies with a rugose surface in
epidermal cells (bar = 10 μ). J.
Dasypogon bromeliifolius
(Dasypogonaceae), epidermal silica
sand (bar = 20 μ).
Poaceae
Special inflorescence
&flower structure
Ligule
present and
sheath not
fused
2-ranked leaves
Fruit =
caryopsis
Round x-section
& hollow stem
Note dominance of grasslands/savannahs ( ) and croplands ( )
which are mainly planted in grasses. Members of the Poaceae
dominate the land surface.
The grasslands of East Africa.
The Savannah of East Africa
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Artificial Grass Community
Braidwood Savannah and Dunes
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Morton Prairie, Illinois
Most of our prairie has been converted to cropland.
Poaceae
Special inflorescence
&flower structure
Ligule
present and
sheath not
fused
2-ranked leaves
Fruit =
caryopsis
Round x-section
& hollow stem
Poaceae
Grass Flowers
Anthers
Stigmas
(branched and
feathery)
Top Yielding Crops in 1986 and 2001 (data from FAO)
Crop
Sugar Cane
Corn
Rice
Wheat
Potato
Sugar Beet
Soybean
Manioc
Sweet Potato
Sorghum
Banana/Plantains
Grapes
Tomatoes
Oats
Yield 1986
932
481
476
528
309
286
95
137
110
71
68
67
60
48
Yield 2001
1,273
614
595
587
309
229
176
131
135
60
97
61
65
44
Wheat caryopsis, germ = embryo
Wheat Seeds - Endosperm and Embryo (Germ)
Stigmas
Anthers
Fig. 6. Silica body morphologies
found in the epidermal
cells of Poaceae.
A.
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Aristida setigera,
dumbbell-shaped silica
bodies (bar = 10 μ).
B. Brachiaria jubata, a form of
silica intermediate
between the dumbbellshaped form and the
cross-shaped form (bar =
10 μ).
C.
Apochiton burttii, crossshaped silica bodies (bar
= 10 μ).
D.
Aegilops triaristata, a
horizontally elongated
silica body with sinuous
outlines (bar = 10 μ).
E.
Anthochloa lepidula,
horizontally elongated
bodies with smooth
outlines (bar = 20 μ).
F.
Astrebla squarrosa,
saddle-shaped silica
bodies (bar = 10 μ).
G.
Agropyron elongatum, a
conical silica body (bar =
High-crowned mammoth molar from the permafrost
sea cliff at Elephant Point, 1/2 mile south of Kotzebue, Alaska.
(The scale is a penny). (Courtesy of the Inman Family)
Initial drafts of rice
(Oryza sativa)
genome reported
in 2002:
2 sub species
Indica - China and
most of Asia
Japonica- Japan
and temperate
areas
Shattering was a major
problem in the
domestication of grains.
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the junction of the
pedicel and the fruit.
sh4 levels
increase to
higher
levels in
O. nivara
More force
is required
to pull away
grains in
O. sativa
Sh4 activity in Rice.
Oryza sativa = cultivated rice
(Li et al. 2006. Science 311:1936-39.)
Oryza nivara = ancestral rice
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The cellulose synthase superfamily in
rice. The CesA genes, CslA genes, and
cereal-specific CslF genes encode
enzymes (as indicated) that are required
for the synthesis of cell wall constituents.
Functions of other superfamily members
are presently unknown. The alignment of
deduced protein sequences was
constructed with CLUSTAL W and the
unrooted tree figure was drawn with
TreeView (11). [Figure based on the
completed genome sequence of rice
(www.prl.msu.edu/walton/CSL_updates.ht
m)] PHOTO CREDIT: CORBIS