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Meteo 1 Lecture 10 • CH 9 WEATHER FORCASTING (review) • CH 12 GLOBAL CLIMATE REVIEW SLIDES: A sounding of air temperature, dew point, and winds at Pittsburgh, PA, on January 14, 1999. REVIEW SLIDES: The geostationary satellite moves through space at the same rate that the earth rotates, so it remains above a fixed spot on the equator and monitors one area constantly. REVIEW SLIDES: Polar-orbiting satellites scan from north to south, and on each successive orbit the satellite scans an area farther to the west. REVIEW SLIDES: Ensemble 500-mb forecast chart for July 21, 2005 (48 hours into the future). The chart is constructed by running the model 15 different times, each time beginning with a slightly different initial condition. The blue lines represent the 5790-meter contour line; the red lines, the 5940meter contour line; and the green line, the 500-mb 25-year average, called climatology. REVIEW SLIDES: Surface weather map for 6:00 a.m. Tuesday. Dashed lines indicate positions of weather features six hours ago. Areas shaded green are receiving rain, while areas shaded white are receiving snow, and those shaded pink, freezing rain or sleet. BONUS SLIDE REVIEW SLIDES: Projected 12- and 24-hour movement of fronts, pressure systems, and precipitation from 6:00 a.m. Tuesday until 6:00 a.m. Wednesday. (The dashed lines represent frontal positions 6 hours ago.) BONUS SLIDE REVIEW SLIDES: Surface weather map for 6:00 a.m. Wednesday. BONUS SLIDE Meteo 1 Lecture 10 CH 12 GLOBAL CLIMATE • Climatic Regions (Temperature and Precipitation) • • • • • • Incident Sunshine Distribution Land Ocean and Wind Currents High and Low Pressure Areas Mountain Barriers Altitude • Köppen Climate Classification A. Tropical B. Dry C. Moist, mild D. Moist, severe E. Polar H. Mountains http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap16/geo_clim.html http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/ A vertical cross section along a line running north to south illustrates the main global regions of rising and sinking air and how each region influences precipitation. Review The hottest places on earth tend to occur in the subtropical deserts of the Northern Hemisphere, where clear skies and sinking air, coupled with low humidity and a high summer sun beating down on a relatively barren landscape, produce extreme heat. The coldest places on earth tend to occur in the interior of high-latitude landmasses. Those coldest areas of the Northern Hemisphere are found tin the interior of Siberia and Greenland, whereas the coldest area of the world is the Antarctic. The wettest places in the world tend to be located on the windward side of mountains where warm, humid air rises upslope (orographic uplift). On the downwind (leeward) side of a mountain, there often exists a “dry” region, known as a rain shadow. Climate Classification The Ancient Greeks Tropical, temperate, and polar zone The Köppen System Waldimir Köppen Related vegetation and climate in order to predict climate types in areas without climate data The Thornthwaite System http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Thornthwaite_climate_classification.aspx P/E ratio, P/E Index Potential Evapotranspiration major climate types according to Köppen, along with some of the climatic controls. Worldwide distribution of climatic regions (after Köppen). Fig. 12-7b, p. 353 The Global Pattern of Climate • Tropical Moist Climates (Group A) – General characteristics: year-round warm temperatures abundant rainfall – Extent: northward and southward from the equator to about 15º to 25º – Major Types: tropical wet (Af), tropical monsoon (Am), tropical wet and dry (Aw) Temperature and precipitation data for Iquitos, Peru, latitude 4°S. A station with a tropical wet climate (Af). (This type of diagram is called a climograph. It shows monthly mean temperatures with a solid red line and monthly mean precipitation with bar graphs.) Climatic data for Timbo, Guinea, latitude 11°N. A station with a tropical wet-and-dry climate (Aw). The Global Pattern of Climate • Dry Climates (Group B) – General Characteristics: • deficient precipitation most of the year • potential evaporation and transpiration exceed precipitation – Extent: the subtropical deserts extend roughly 20º and 30º latitude in large continental regions of the middle latitudes, often surrounded by mountains – Major Types: arid (BW), semi-arid (BS) – Occupy 26% of land area Climatic data for Phoenix, Arizona, latitude 33.5°N. A station with an arid climate (BWh). Creosote bushes and cactus Rain streamers (virga) are common in dry climates, as falling rain evaporates into the drier air before ever reaching the ground. Climatic data for Denver, Colorado, latitude 40°N. A station with a semi-arid climate (BSk). Cumulus clouds forming over the steppe grasslands of western North America, a region with a semi-arid climate (BS). The Global Pattern of Climate • Moist Subtropical Mid-latitude Climates (Group C) – General Characteristics: • humid • mild winters – Extent: on the eastern and western regions of most continents, from about 25º to 40º latitude – Major types: • humid subtropical (Cfa) • marine (Cfb) • Mediterranean (Cs) Climatic data for Mobile, Alabama, latitude 30°N. A station with a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Climatic data for Port Hardy, Canada, latitude 51°N. A station with a marine climate (Cfb). Comparison of a coastal Mediterranean climate, Csb (San Francisco, at left), with an interior Mediterranean climate, Csa (Sacramento, at right). The Global Pattern of Climate Moist Continental Climates (Group D) General characteristics: warm-to-cool summers and cold winters winters are severe with snowstorms, blustery winds, bitter cold climate controlled by large continents Extent: north of moist subtropical mid-latitude climates Major types: humid continental with hot summers (Dfa) humid continental with cool summers (Dfb) subpolar (Dfc) Comparison of a humid continental hot summer climate, Dfa (Des Moines, at left), with a humid continental cool summer climate, Dfb (Winnipeg, at right). The Global Pattern of Climate • Polar Climates (Group E) – General Characteristics: • year-round low temperatures – Extent: • northern coastal areas of North America and Eurasia • Greenland and Antarctica – Major types: • polar tundra (ET) • polar ice caps (EP) BONUS SLIDE BONUS SLIDE Climatic data for Barrow, Alaska, latitude 71°N. A station with a polar tundra climate (ET). Climatic data for Eismitte, Greenland, latitude 71°N. Located in the interior of Greenland at an elevation of almost 10,000 feet above sealevel, Eismitte has a polar ice cap climate (EF). The Global Pattern of Climate • Highland Climates (Group H) – Decrease in temperature with elevation – Vertical zonation BONUS SLIDE Vertical view of changing vegetation and climate due to elevation in the central Sierra Nevada. BONUS SLIDE Meteo 1 Lecture 10 CH 12 GLOBAL CLIMATE • Climatic Regions (Temperature and Precipitation) • • • • • • Incident Sunshine Distribution Land Ocean and Wind Currents High and Low Pressure Areas Mountain Barriers Altitude • Köppen Climate Classification A. Tropical B. Dry C. Moist, mild D. Moist, severe E. Polar H. Mountains Climatic data for Fairbanks, Alaska, latitude 65°N. A station with a subpolar climate (Dfc). BONUS SLIDE Average annual precipitation across North America along with variation in annual precipitation for three Northern Hemisphere cities.