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Meteo 1 Lecture 10
• CH 9 WEATHER FORCASTING (review)
• CH 12 GLOBAL CLIMATE
REVIEW SLIDES:
A sounding of air temperature, dew point, and winds at
Pittsburgh, PA, on January 14, 1999.
REVIEW SLIDES:
The geostationary satellite moves through space at the same rate
that the earth rotates, so it remains above a fixed spot on the
equator and monitors one area constantly.
REVIEW SLIDES:
Polar-orbiting satellites scan from north to
south, and on each successive orbit the
satellite scans an area farther to the west.
REVIEW SLIDES:
Ensemble 500-mb
forecast chart for July
21, 2005 (48 hours into
the future).
The chart is
constructed by
running the model 15
different times, each
time beginning with a
slightly different
initial condition. The
blue lines represent
the 5790-meter
contour line; the red
lines, the 5940meter contour line;
and the green line,
the 500-mb 25-year
average, called
climatology.
REVIEW SLIDES:
Surface weather map for 6:00 a.m. Tuesday. Dashed lines indicate positions of weather
features six hours ago. Areas shaded green are receiving rain, while areas shaded
white are receiving snow, and those shaded pink, freezing rain or sleet.
BONUS SLIDE
REVIEW SLIDES:
Projected 12- and 24-hour movement of fronts, pressure systems, and
precipitation from 6:00 a.m. Tuesday until 6:00 a.m. Wednesday. (The dashed
lines represent frontal positions 6 hours ago.)
BONUS SLIDE
REVIEW SLIDES:
Surface weather map for 6:00 a.m. Wednesday.
BONUS SLIDE
Meteo 1 Lecture 10
CH 12 GLOBAL CLIMATE
• Climatic Regions (Temperature and Precipitation)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Incident Sunshine
Distribution Land
Ocean and Wind Currents
High and Low Pressure Areas
Mountain Barriers
Altitude
• Köppen Climate Classification
A. Tropical
B. Dry
C. Moist, mild
D. Moist, severe
E. Polar
H. Mountains
http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap16/geo_clim.html
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/
A vertical cross section along a line running north to south illustrates the main global
regions of rising and sinking air and how each region influences precipitation.
Review
 The hottest places on earth tend to occur in the subtropical
deserts of the Northern Hemisphere, where clear skies and
sinking air, coupled with low humidity and a high summer sun
beating down on a relatively barren landscape, produce
extreme heat.
 The coldest places on earth tend to occur in the interior of
high-latitude landmasses. Those coldest areas of the
Northern Hemisphere are found tin the interior of Siberia and
Greenland, whereas the coldest area of the world is the
Antarctic.
 The wettest places in the world tend to be located on the
windward side of mountains where warm, humid air rises
upslope (orographic uplift). On the downwind (leeward) side
of a mountain, there often exists a “dry” region, known as a
rain shadow.
Climate Classification
 The Ancient Greeks
 Tropical, temperate, and polar zone
 The Köppen System
 Waldimir Köppen
 Related vegetation and climate in order to predict
climate types in areas without climate data
 The Thornthwaite System
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Thornthwaite_climate_classification.aspx
 P/E ratio, P/E Index
 Potential Evapotranspiration
major climate types according to Köppen, along with some of the
climatic controls.
Worldwide
distribution of
climatic regions
(after Köppen).
Fig. 12-7b, p. 353
The Global Pattern of Climate
• Tropical Moist Climates (Group A)
– General characteristics: year-round warm
temperatures abundant rainfall
– Extent: northward and southward from the
equator to about 15º to 25º
– Major Types: tropical wet (Af), tropical monsoon
(Am), tropical wet and dry (Aw)
Temperature and precipitation
data for Iquitos, Peru, latitude 4°S.
A station with a tropical wet
climate (Af). (This type of diagram
is called a climograph. It shows
monthly mean temperatures with a
solid red line and monthly mean
precipitation with bar graphs.)
Climatic data for Timbo, Guinea,
latitude 11°N. A station with a
tropical wet-and-dry climate (Aw).
The Global Pattern of Climate
• Dry Climates (Group B)
– General Characteristics:
• deficient precipitation most of the year
• potential evaporation and transpiration exceed
precipitation
– Extent: the subtropical deserts extend roughly 20º
and 30º latitude in large continental regions of the
middle latitudes, often surrounded by mountains
– Major Types: arid (BW), semi-arid (BS)
– Occupy 26% of land area
Climatic data for Phoenix, Arizona,
latitude 33.5°N. A station with an
arid climate (BWh).
Creosote bushes and
cactus
Rain streamers (virga) are common in dry climates,
as falling rain evaporates into the drier air before ever reaching the ground.
Climatic data for Denver, Colorado,
latitude 40°N. A station with a
semi-arid climate (BSk).
Cumulus clouds forming over the steppe
grasslands of western North America, a
region with a semi-arid climate (BS).
The Global Pattern of Climate
• Moist Subtropical Mid-latitude Climates
(Group C)
– General Characteristics:
• humid
• mild winters
– Extent: on the eastern and western regions of
most continents, from about 25º to 40º latitude
– Major types:
• humid subtropical (Cfa)
• marine (Cfb)
• Mediterranean (Cs)
Climatic data for Mobile, Alabama,
latitude 30°N. A station with a
humid subtropical climate (Cfa).
Climatic data for Port Hardy, Canada,
latitude 51°N. A station with a
marine climate (Cfb).
Comparison of a coastal Mediterranean climate, Csb (San Francisco, at
left), with an interior Mediterranean climate, Csa (Sacramento, at right).
The Global Pattern of Climate
 Moist Continental Climates (Group D)
 General characteristics:
 warm-to-cool summers and cold winters
 winters are severe with snowstorms, blustery winds, bitter cold
 climate controlled by large continents
 Extent: north of moist subtropical mid-latitude climates
 Major types:
 humid continental with hot summers (Dfa)
 humid continental with cool summers (Dfb)
 subpolar (Dfc)
Comparison of a humid continental hot summer climate, Dfa (Des
Moines, at left), with a humid continental cool summer climate, Dfb
(Winnipeg, at right).
The Global Pattern of Climate
• Polar Climates (Group E)
– General Characteristics:
• year-round low temperatures
– Extent:
• northern coastal areas of North America and Eurasia
• Greenland and Antarctica
– Major types:
• polar tundra (ET)
• polar ice caps (EP)
BONUS SLIDE
BONUS SLIDE
Climatic data for Barrow, Alaska, latitude
71°N. A station with a polar tundra
climate (ET).
Climatic data for Eismitte, Greenland, latitude
71°N. Located in the interior of Greenland at
an elevation of almost 10,000 feet above sealevel, Eismitte has a polar ice cap climate (EF).
The Global Pattern of Climate
• Highland Climates (Group H)
– Decrease in temperature with elevation
– Vertical zonation
BONUS SLIDE
Vertical view of changing vegetation and climate due to elevation
in the central Sierra Nevada.
BONUS SLIDE
Meteo 1 Lecture 10
CH 12 GLOBAL CLIMATE
• Climatic Regions (Temperature and Precipitation)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Incident Sunshine
Distribution Land
Ocean and Wind Currents
High and Low Pressure Areas
Mountain Barriers
Altitude
• Köppen Climate Classification
A. Tropical
B. Dry
C. Moist, mild
D. Moist, severe
E. Polar
H. Mountains
Climatic data for Fairbanks, Alaska,
latitude 65°N. A station with a
subpolar climate (Dfc).
BONUS SLIDE
Average annual precipitation across North America along with variation
in annual precipitation for three Northern Hemisphere cities.