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News
• http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071025/ap_
on_re_us/toxic_dump_fears
• http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/environmentcl
imateun
• http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071025/ap_
on_sc/coast_guard_arctic
Fire Whirl or Fire Tornado
Image courtesy of United States Marine Corps
Faster CO2 increases
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Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere Increasing
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Filed at 10:16 p.m. ET October 22, 2007
NYTimes
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Just days after the Nobel prize was awarded
for global warming work, an alarming new study finds that carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing faster than expected.
• Carbon dioxide emissions were 35 percent higher in 2006 than in
1990, a much faster growth rate than anticipated, researchers led by
Josep G. Canadell, of Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization, report in Tuesday's edition of
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Weather
• Hot Air Rises
• Coriolis Force bends moving things to the
right in the northern hemisphere
• Cold air holds less water
• Air moves from areas of high pressure to
areas of low pressure
Hot Air Rises
Air can hold
less water at
higher altitudes
1. Hot air rises over land due to heating by the sun.
2. The rising air leaves less air in one spot, low pressure forms.
3. Generally, from 3,000 to 5,000 feet, the air cools, high
pressure develops.
4. Meanwhile, over the cooler water, air sinks, leaving less air
aloft.
5. More air piles up at the surface of the water, high pressure
forms.
6. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.
7. The sea breeze generally forms during the afternoon. This
creates a mini cold front that helps lift air upward to create
thunderstorms.
Hadley Cells
Image courtesy of NASA
Global Rainfall
Image courtesy of atmoz.org
Global Productivity
Image courtesy of NASA
Coriolis Force
• Result of earth spinning
• In Northern Hemisphere, Coriolis Force
deflects moving objects to the RIGHT
• Force is proportional to velocity
• Force is a function of latitude (zero at
equator)
Winds
Westerlies
Trade Winds
Image courtesy of NOAA
Surface Currents
Image courtesy of United States Federal Government
Global Conveyor Belt
Upwelling
Image courtesy of NOAA
El Nino
Normal pattern
El Nino Conditions
Image courtesy of United States Federal Government
El Nino Conditions
Weather
• Hot Air Rises
• Coriolis Force bends moving things to the
right in the northern hemisphere
• Cold air holds less water
• Air moves from areas of high pressure to
areas of low pressure
• Land warms and cools faster than the
ocean
What d you notice?
What do you notice?
Fronts
Cold front
Warm front
Tornadoes
Image courtesy of NOAA
Santa Ana Winds
• Warm Form
– Santa Ana
• Winds from east, high
pressure in Great Basin, low
pressure over Pacific
• Descending cold, dry winds
from Rockies/Sierra Nevadas
• Warms adiabatically in Fall
and Winter
– 10C per 1000 m descent
(29C per mile)
– http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fo
vell/ASother/mm5/SantaAna/S
A03_rhu_nowind.GIF
– Fohn
• AlpsGermany
• Crazy times
Image courtesy of NASA
Monsoons
• Indian Ocean
• Land cools faster than
ocean in winter
• Land warms faster
than ocean in
summer
Image courtesy of Saravask, Wikipedia
SeaBreezes
Image courtesy of Vaughan Weather, Wikipedia
Image courtesy of Jesús Gómez Fernández, Wikipedia
Image courtesy of Federal Aviation Administration, Wikipedia
Rain Shadow
• Orographic Winds
• Adiabatic cooling with altitude
• Latent heat released with rain
Image courtesy of Wikipedia
Hurricanes
Hurricane Katrina
Image courtesy of NASA
Geostrophic Balance
• Coriolis Force
• Pressure Gradient Force
• Strong cyclonic winds circulate
counterclockwise in the Northern hemisphere
around a low pressure zone
LO
Image courtesy of NASA
Image courtesy of Wikipedia
Spiral Winds
• Friction slows wind
• CF reduced
Convection
• Hot, moist air rises
• Colder,dry air
descends
• More buoyancy
differences make
“deeper”
convectionthunderstorms
• RainBands
Image courtesy of NASA
Images removed due to
copyright restrictions.
Image courtesy of NASA
Image courtesy of NASA
Conservation of Mass
• Air spiraling in
• Conservation of
angular momentum
– Smaller radius, higher
wind velocities
• Air must be
exhausted (vented)
• Anticyclone at high
altitude
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Hurricane Formation
• Inter-Tropical
Convergence
• Drifts off
equatorTropical
depression
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Surface Cooling
• Extract latent heat of evaporation leaves
cool tracks
Image courtesy of NASA
Image courtesy of NOAA
Nor’Easters
• Heat from warm ocean
• Cold from land
• Jet Stream disturbance
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Image courtesy of NASA