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Science Saturdays #2 Earth’s Sky Hurricane Warning – Should You Evacuate? Lynne M. Bailey CSD 9 Title IIB STEM Grant [email protected] Agenda • Paperwork • Introduction Protocols Online learning style test Objectives Pre-test • Meterology 101 • Activities Weather devices Exploring online activities and resources Post-test Reflection and classroom application • Share-out Introductions • Paperwork done? • How do you learn? http://www.educationplanner.com/ Earthquake preparedness quiz online at http://www.tvfr.com/ click on “April is Earthquake Awareness Month” and click on quiz • Protocols – leave no tracks! • Expectations? Who Could Forget Essential Questions • Is there an hurricane in your future? Do you need an umbrella today? Can we predict hurricanes or weather in general How does weather shape geography? How does weather relate to basic earth systems? How do hurricanes and other atmospheric events effect populations? Others? Meteorology 101 • Is it coming your way? Track hurricane path Find patterns/causes • Video (primary) • The sky above – • Earth’s atmosphere Weather basics • Weather measuring • tools Other media in the classroom Podcast Videos Current events • More about weather Is It Coming Your Way? • Using maps, track a hurricane • Data easily found on the WWW Historical tracks: http://maps.csc.noaa.gov/hurricanes/viewer.h tml • Create a hurricane Where’s It Going? ADV # LAT LON TIME WIND PR STATUS 27 25.10 -75.90 09/14/09Z 135 927 HURRICANE-4 28 25.70 -76.80 09/14/15Z 125 932 HURRICANE-4 29 26.50 -77.40 09/14/21Z 120 929 HURRICANE-4 30 27.70 -77.90 09/15/03Z 120 933 HURRICANE-4 31 28.80 -78.80 09/15/09Z 120 938 HURRICANE-4 32 29.90 -79.00 09/15/15Z 110 943 HURRICANE-3 33 31.30 -79.00 09/15/21Z 100 949 HURRICANE-3 34 32.90 -78.30 09/16/03Z 100 952 HURRICANE-3 35 34.50 -77.60 09/16/09Z 90 956 HURRICANE-2 36 36.80 -76.00 09/16/15Z 70 967 HURRICANE-1 37 39.30 -74.60 09/16/21Z 55 974 TS 38 41.70 -72.20 09/17/03Z 50 980 TS 39 43.50 -70.80 09/17/09Z 50 984 TS Year 1999 Tropical Storms Year 2005 Tropical Storms Online Cyclone Trackers • • • • • • Donna 1960 Agnes 1972 Bob 1991 Allison 2001 Floyd 1999 Betsy Is There a Pattern? • Where do they form? Tropical storm basins … Hurricane Hunters • Visit the Hurricane Hunters website Why there? • Warm water Surface water temperature must be at least 80o F • Coriolis Effect Caused by Earth's rotation from west to east Try this animation Hurricane Characteristics • No fronts • Winds weaken with height • Centers are warmer than their surroundings • Form under weak high-altitude winds • Air sinks at the center of a hurricane • Main energy source is the latent heat of condensation • Weaken rapidly over land Hurricane Structures • Eye – Calm center • Eyewall – Surrounds eye, • • strongest winds concentrated here Feeder /rain bands - long zones of clouds, showers and thunder storm activity that get their moisture over warm water and drive energy into the storm Storm surge - mound of water that is pushed landward by the winds of a hurricane Hurricane Identifiers • Location: begin over tropical waters • Magnitude: wind speed • Path: unpredictable, but usually managed Watch: 36 hours Warning: 24 hours Hurricane Recipe Hurricanes from Brain Pop 3.30 Hurricane Recipe • Four conditions Low pressure (reinforced by the hurricane) Warm temperatures (often in summer) Moist area (over the ocean) Tropical wind patterns (close to the Equator Hurricane Growth • Begin when raindrops condense out of warm, moist air • Heat is released, which then makes the air convect • In a low pressure zone near the equator, this can create • • an organized system of clouds and storms called a tropical depression (low pressure) As more moist air is swept up and more rain condenses out, the depression gets stronger, creating a tropical storm If enough heat is added to the system, it becomes a hurricane with strong winds, an eye, and storm surge Watch One from NASA • http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/ne ws/topstory/2004/0915isabel/addl.html Hurricane Categories Category Pressure (mb) Winds (knots) Winds (mph) Surge (ft) TD ----- < 34 < 39 Green TS ----- 34-63 39-73 Yellow 1 > 980 64-82 74-95 4-5 Red 2 965-980 83-95 96-110 6-8 Light Red 3 945-965 96-113 111-130 9-12 Magenta 4 920-945 114-135 131-155 13-18 5 < 920 >135 >155 >18 Line Color Light Magenta White What’s In Our Sky? Earth’s Atmosphere • Five layers distinguished by Thermal characteristics (temperature changes) Chemical composition Movement Density Click to Play on the Web Weather Current State of the Atmosphere Driving the Water Cycle Current Conditions • Air movement Wind speed & direction • • • • • Cloud cover Air pressure Temperature Relative humidity Precipitation amount & type Air Masses • Large body of air that takes on the characteristics of the area over which it forms Classified according to their source areas • Fronts are narrow regions that separates two air • • masses of different densities In the northern hemisphere, in a surface highpressure system, air sinks and rotates in a clockwise direction Cold air is heavier and sinks, pushing warm air up and away Fronts • Cold front - Warm air • • • lifted up over cold air Warm front - Warm air displaces cold air and it develops a gradual frontal slope Occluded - Warm air is squeezed upward between two cold air masses Stationary-neither cold or warm air advances Wind • Sun’s energy activates • wind Jet streams Narrow bands of fast, high-altitude westerly winds are called jet streams Earth has two • Coriolis forces due to Earth’s rotation effect patterns Temperature • How fast or slow molecules are moving Faster = warmer Slower = colder Humidity: Water Vapor in Air • Ratio of water vapor in a volume of air relative to how much water vapor that volume of air is capable of holding is called relative humidity • Troposphere layer of the atmosphere contains most of the water vapor in Earth's atmosphere Clouds • Condensation around dust and pollen particles • Classified by altitude of formation and shape • When condensation takes place, latent heat is released and warms the air • Four basic types: cirrus, nimbus, cumulous, and stratus How Clouds Form • When air is cooled to its dewpoint or the temperature, if the air is cooled, it reaches saturation. • Air can reach saturation in a number of ways, most commonly through lifting Air Pressure • High-pressure systems usually associated with fair weather • Low-pressure systems associated with clouds and precipitation Precipitation • Various forms and amounts Rain, snow, sleet, hail, fog • Water cycle interaction Evaporation & transpiration Condensation Precipitation Runoff, ground water Water Vapor in the Air Weather Tools For the Classroom Go to http://www.k12science.org/ Click on Curriculum> Real Time Data Projects> Weather Scope> Student Activities Anemometer Procedure (click image) • Blow on the anemometer or turn an electric fan on low to make sure that it spins easily • How many times the anemometer will spin in one minute? • Can you make a statement connecting the number of spins of your anemometer and the speed of the wind? How it Works • NOTE: When using this • Four cups catch the • • • wind and cause the anemometer to spin Cups inward curve receives most of the force of the wind That's what makes the cups move More spins per minute, the greater the wind velocity • anemometer, 10 turns per minute means the wind speed is about one mile per hour. Very useful to use a commercial anemometer to calculate a better determination For example, "when our anemometer read 20 spins a minute, the commercial anemometer read 2 miles per hour." Beaufort Wind Scale • Wind speed measured on a scale of 0-12 based on visual clues originally developed in 1806 by Sir Francis Beaufort • Developed rating system to make accurate recording of wind speed • Developed for sailors, but modified by the National Weather Service for use on land http://www.k12science.org/curriculum/weatherproj2/en/popup/beaufort.shtml Beauf ort Force Wind Speed KmPH Wind Speed MPH 0 0-2 0-1 Calm; smoke rises vertically. Calm 1 2-5 1-3 Shown by direction of wind smoke drift, but not by wind vanes. Light 2 6-12 4-7 Wind felt on face, leaves rustle; ordinary vanes moved by wind. Light 3 13-20 8-12 Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag. Gentle 4 21-29 13-18 Raises dust and loose paper; small branches are moved. Moderate 5 30-39 19-24 Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters. Fresh 6 40-50 25-31 Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telephone wires; umbrellas used with difficulty. Strong 7 51-61 32-38 Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt walking against the wind. Strong 8 62-74 39-46 Breaks twigs off trees; generally impedes progress. Gale 9 75-87 47-54 Slight structural damage. Gale 10 88-101 55-63 Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted; considerable structural damage occurs. 11 102-116 64-72 Very rarely experienced inland; accompanied by widespread damage. Whole gale 12 117 or more 73 or more Very rarely experienced; accompanied by widespread damage. Hurricane Indicators Terms Used in NWS Forecasts Whole gale Dry Barometer Measure Air Pressure • How does this measure air pressure? High pressure will make the balloon seal dip causing the straw go up Low pressure will make the balloon puff up causing the straw to go down Barometer • Air moves from high pressure to low pressure Thermometer • Measures temperature • Temperature is a measure of how fast or slow molecules move Rain Gauge • Measures amount of rain • You can also build a snow gauge Wind Vane • Record the wind’s direction Measure Relative Humidity: Sling Psychrometer • Measures relative humidity http://www.miamisci.org/hurricane/psychr ometer.html • Relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the air/divided by the maximum amount the air can hold. • The higher the relative humidity is, the more likely it is to rain. Some Student Work Weather Stations • http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/ww atch/ • http://www.k12science.org/curriculum/we atherproj2/en/activity1.shtml • http://www.miamisci.org/hurricane/weath erstation.html • http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/weather.htm#Too ls Recording & Predicting Sample Station Plot Weather Observations Chart • Hand-out • On the web at http://www.learner.org/jnorth/weather/Ob servationChart.html • Tips on reading weather maps http://www.learner.org/jnorth/weather/Reading MapsTips.html Electronic Desktop Projects • For early grades http://weathereye.kgan.com/cadet/forecast/activity.ht ml http://www.edheads.org/activities/weather/ http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwatch/investi gate/weather_maker.htm http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwatch/hurric anes/index.htm • For secondary grades http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/scienc e/virtual_labs/ES14/ES14.html (have to create your own chart); see webquests, too Exploring Resources • Web page at wikipsaces.com Technoed.wikispaces.com (may be moved) • What can you use in your classroom? • How can you apply this science thread in your subject area? Reflection and Share -out • Written reflection or class activity or • Add a comment to the blog http://bronxdip.edublogs.org More Video • National Geograhic http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video /player/environment/environment-naturaldisasters/hurricanes/hurricane-ivancharlie.html Closing • Questions • Evaluations • Check the blog for these and more resources Thanks for Coming! Lynne M. Bailey STEM Trainer 917.309.4361 [email protected]
