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Unit 3 A contested planet © Oxford University Press 2009 Section A – 80 minutes & 50 marks Exam Structure Unit 3 has 6 topics • Energy Security • Water Conflicts Physical Topics • Biodiversity under threat • Superpowers • Briding the development gap Human Topics • The technological fix © Oxford University Press 2009 You will get 5 questions from the 6 topics each with 2 parts (a&b). You answer two full Q’s. Which topic is missing from this Jan 2010 paper? Superpowers is missing. Reason: This will be the synoptic part worth 40marks which everyone has to answer. The topic changes every year. © Oxford University Press 2009 Synoptic – You will be told approx 4weeks before the exam what the synoptic topic is, & given a booklet to learn about & research specific examples. The 10mark part a will always be a stimulus/data response. © Oxford University Press 2009 Section B – 70 minutes & 40 marks No choice of question or topic This is an example of a synoptic booklet! © Oxford University Press 2009 Summary: Section A. You choose two full questions from a choice of 5. Worth 50 marks in total, spend 80minutes on it. Section B. You get given no choice. A prerelease synoptic is issued 4 weeks prior to the exam. You will be asked 3 questions worth a total of 40marks and spend 70minutes on it. TOTAL EXAM TIME 2hr 30mins © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.amazon.co.uk/My-Revision-Notes-Geographyebook/dp/B00C3H89ZQ/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=137 0332939&sr=1-1&keywords=geography+a2+my+revision+notes Succeed in Geography http://www.amazon.co.uk/Edexcel-A2-Geography-SueWarn/dp/0340949546/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=137 0332887&sr=1-1&keywords=edexcel+a2+geography+textbook Biodiversity under threat A Brand New Topic © Oxford University Press 2009 Learning Checklist (1)Defining Biodiversity (key definitions) (2)Processes & factors influencing biodiversity, e.g. endemism, climate & human activity (3) The global distribution of biodiversity with pivotal areas © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5ssjM2Fjuc Why Biodiversity Matters… © Oxford University Press 2009 Biodiversity: Biodiversity results from natural processes which vary across the world. Many ecologists define it as the total number of genes, species and ecosystems in a given area. © Oxford University Press 2009 Ecosystem: In approximately 50words write your own definition of an ecosystem. http://www.y outube.com/ watch?v=iRhd Ds91aas © Oxford University Press 2009 Biome: A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat. http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=90XU0B_ya6g © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A5eeE93uEA The Global Distribution of Biomes: In 2 paragraphs describe the distribution of global biomes. Use continents & named countries in your answer © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 1 © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 2 © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 3 © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 4 © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 5 © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 6 © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 7 © Oxford University Press 2009 From each photo name the ecosystem/biome, there are 8 in total 8 © Oxford University Press 2009 ANSWERS: 1 – Savanna Grassland 4 – Temperate Deciduous Forest 2 - Desert 5 – Coniferous Forest (taiga) 7 – Tundra 8 – Mediterranean 3 – Tropical Rainforest © Oxford University Press 2009 6 – Temperate Grassland /8 http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tundra.htm Tundra © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/taiga.htm Coniferous Forest (taiga) © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/deciduous_forest.htm Temperate Deciduous Forest © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert.htm Desert © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna.htm Savanna Grassland © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm Tropical Rainforest © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/grasslands.htm Temperate Grassland © Oxford University Press 2009 Learning Checklist (1)Processes & factors influencing biodiversity, e.g. endemism, climate & human activity (2) The value of ecosystems in terms of biodiversity and ecological resources (3) Global distribution of areas under threat, e.g. hotspots, threatened species. © Oxford University Press 2009 Global distribution of biodiversity What is this showing? Write down your ideas then we’ll discuss © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 What is this showing? Write down your ideas then we’ll discuss © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 How does this image link to biodiversity? © Oxford University Press 2009 Key Definitions BIOME- is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities best adapted to the region's physical natural environment, latitude, elevation, and terrain. BIOMASS- the accumulation of living matter. It is the total living biological material in a given area or of a biological community or group. Biomass is measured by weight, or by dry weight, per given area (usually measured per square metre or square kilometer). NET PRIMARY PRODUCTVITY – the amount of CO2 vegetation takes in during photosynthesis minus how much carbon dioxide the plants release during respiration (metabolizing sugars and starches for energy). ECOCLINE – a transition from one ecosystem to anotherwhere there is no clear boundary from one system to another. © Oxford University Press 2009 Differences in NPP in different ecosystems © Oxford University Press 2009 Key Definitions Genetic diversity Species Richness Total no. of species © Oxford University Press 2009 Biodiversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Endemism Disparity Abundance of species What is genetic diversity? Range of species found within a species. The diversity will often determine the degree of resistance to pests and diseases. In Agribusiness, breeding new varieties of cereals has led to genetic erosion and genetic pollution. This can weaken the plant. What impact could this have in the future on food security? © Oxford University Press 2009 What is species This is the wide variety of plant and animal species present in an diversity? ecosystem. Diversity is needed to enable the ecosystem to carry out its functions such as carbon cycling. What will removal of species from trophic levels have on energy flows and nutrient cycles? © Oxford University Press 2009 An ecosystem is a set of interacting, interdependent living and non-living organisms. Diversity relates to the number of different ecosystems within a given area. Partly controlled by physical conditions, particularly climate, geology, relief and soils. The ability of humans to change and modify an ecosystem is a threat! Oh dear! © Oxford University Press 2009 What is Ecosystem diversity? Processes and factors that influence biodiversity Global/Continental Factors Size of area – only comparing similar ecosystems History and Age – Oldest and least disturbed ecosystems more diverse. Isolation – geographical isolation increases endemism Altitudinal range – A range of different climates e.g. Ocean depths increase diversity. © Oxford University Press 2009 Geographical Isolation • The most famous ecologists of ALL time. • Studied on the Galapagos islands (12 islands equator) Endemic species • Founded the theory of evolution and natural selection – Origin of the Species • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7IK_qt0hEw © Oxford University Press 2009 Endemism Richness Map Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation or other defined zone, or habitat type. © Oxford University Press 2009 Regional Factors Productivity – high productivity = abundant energy. Warm temperatures, high nutrients, and plentiful light increase productivity. Heterogeneity – wider range of habitats © Oxford University Press 2009 Local Factors Local Factors Disturbance – fire, flooding, storms Interaction between species Dispersal and colonisation – seed dispersal © Oxford University Press 2009 Correlation with altitude Highest levels in tropical countries (tend to be LICS with least resources to support conservation strategies) All developed countries have strategies to reduce biodiversity loss Gradual reduction towards higher latitudes Pattern linked to presence or absence of controlling factors on primary productivity Anomolies exist (ie Australia – high level of endemism) Brazil Top – 55,000 flowering plants, 1,635 birds, 4000 mammals + includes Amazonia © Oxford University Press 2009 Exam Question linking to the first two strands: Jan 2012 © Oxford University Press 2009 January 2012 Q3)a) Explain how physical factors influence the distribution of biodiversity shown (10) © Oxford University Press 2009 Biodiversity Hotspots A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. The concept of biodiversity hotspots was originated by Norman Myers in two articles in “The Environmentalist” (1988). At present there are 25 Biodiversity hotspots as classified under this definition. © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2 q7MMyKWs8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yq UdcW_uNMo © Oxford University Press 2009 Biodiversity Hotspots A biodiversity hotspot is an area containing a huge number of species, a large percentage of which is endemic. Described as ‘the most remarkable places on Earth and the most threatened’. They cover less than 2% of the Earth’s surface, yet contain 44% of the worlds plant species and 35% of its animal species. © Oxford University Press 2009 There are 3 types of Hotspot CONTINENTAL - E.G CAPE FLORAL S.Africa LARGE ISLAND – E.G. BORNEO SMALL ISLAND – E.G KOMODO © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lonesome_George Lonesome http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nat ure/episodes/the-loneliestanimals/update-galapagostortoise-lonesome-georgedies/7756/ http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nat ure/episodes/the-loneliestanimals/update-galapagostortoise-lonesome-georgedies/7756/ http://www.galapagos.org/ab out_galapagos/lonesomegeorge/ Lonesome George: last one of his species! Found on the Galapagos… He is now dead, he had an innings of 100+years! © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 Biodiversity Hotspots Tropical Rainforests contain 50% of the world’s species in just 7% of global land area They also account for 80% of all insects and 90% of primates Tropical America has 85,000 species of flowering plants; Europe has 11,300 Areas with concentrations of hotspots are known as ‘pivotal areas’ For example, the Indo-Burma region and the Philippines are considered such hotspots © Oxford University Press 2009 Biodiversity Hotspots Productivity (how quickly new plant tissue is added) is important, as well as biodiversity. Biomass is measured in kg/m2, whereas productivity is measured as kg/m2/year. Tropical ecosystems have the highest NPP* (net primary productivity) and rainforests tend to have the highest biomass * Net primary production is the rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy; © Oxford University Press 2009 VALUES Provisioning: (goods) direct from the ecosystem e.g. food, timber. Some sustainable e.g. fruit others exhausting supplies e.g. wood. Can put an economic value on. Regulating: those which are vital to the functioning of the earths system e.g. carbon sinks. Cultural: aesthetic and spiritual enjoyment that people enjoy from ecosystems. Supporting: processes such as nutrient cycling, soil formation and primary production which are vital to the functioning of the ecosystem itself, not people. © Oxford University Press 2009 © Oxford University Press 2009 Homework “Human Activity is a major factor affecting biodiversity” Using the theory from p67 & p68 & fig.3.2 in revision. As well as http://redpathmuseum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/3.Conservation/imp acts.htm (a case study of Canada) http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_new s/newsid_8395000/8395075.stm (a case study of The Galapagos). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKIjmU IoZ84 Biodiversity in Canada. © Oxford University Press 2009 Learning Checklist (1)Biodiversity is threatened globally (e.g. climate change) and locally (e.g. by economic development) © Oxford University Press 2009 3.3 Biodiversity under threat © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISsgjpDJaek – Threats to Biodiversity (man-made threats) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QcRk8atbmg – Biodiversity an imminent threat http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4xK6taJWrI – Threats in the Aegean sea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ps6c4tGxnHM – Invasive exotic species (alien species) © Oxford University Press 2009 Task: turn to page 103-105 in the Parrot book Use this to help you complete the worksheet. © Oxford University Press 2009 3.3 Biodiversity under threat http://www.conservation.org/where/priority_ areas/hotspots/Pages/hotspots_main.aspx © Oxford University Press 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD d2kWhY00M – The Causcasus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1y Zy1VLRw8s – The Atlantic Forest http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv af5fEpdcI – South-West Australia © Oxford University Press 2009 “Explain the pattern of alien species and suggest the possible impact of alien species on ecosystems” (10) SAM material © Oxford University Press 2009
