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Chapter Presentation
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Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 18
Introduction to Ecology
Table of Contents
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Objectives
• Identify a key theme in ecology.
• Describe an example showing the effects of
interdependence upon organisms in their
environment.
• Identify the importance of models to ecology.
• State the five different levels of organization at which
ecology can be studied.
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Interdependence: A Key Theme in Ecology
• Organisms and Their Environments
– Species interact with both other species and their
nonliving environment.
– Interdependence is a theme in ecology—one
change can affect all species in an ecosystem.
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Ecological Models
• Ecological models help to explain the environment.
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Making an Ecosystem Model
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Levels of Organization
• Ecologists recognize a hierarchy of organization in
the environment: biosphere, ecosystem, community,
population, and organism.
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Levels of Organization
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Levels of Organization, continued
• The Biosphere
– The broadest, most inclusive level of organization
is the biosphere, the volume of Earth and its
atmosphere that supports life.
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Levels of Organization, continued
• Ecosystems
– The biosphere is composed of smaller units called
ecosystems.
– An ecosystem includes all of the organisms and
the nonliving environment found in a particular
place.
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Ecosystem
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Levels of Organization, continued
• Communities, Populations, and Organisms
– A community is all the interacting organisms
living in an area.
– Below the community level of organization is the
population level, where the focus is on the
individual organisms of a single species.
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Chapter 18
Section 1 Introduction to Ecology
Community
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Objectives
• Compare abiotic factors with biotic factors, and list
two examples of each.
• Describe two mechanisms that allow organisms to
survive in a changing environment.
• Explain the concept of the niche.
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Ecosystem Components
• Biotic and Abiotic Factors
– Both biotic, or living, factors and abiotic, or
nonliving, factors influence organisms. Examples
of abiotic factors are climate, sunlight, and pH.
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Comparing Biotic and Abiotic Factors
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Organisms in a Changing Environment
• Acclimation
– Some organisms can adjust their tolerance to
abiotic factors through the process of acclimation.
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Organisms in a Changing Environment,
continued
• Control of Internal Conditions
– Conformers are organisms that do not regulate
their internal conditions; they change as their
external environment changes.
– Regulators use energy to control some of their
internal conditions.
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Organisms in a Changing Environment,
continued
• Escape from Unsuitable Conditions
– Some species survive unfavorable environmental
conditions by becoming dormant or by migrating.
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
The Niche
• A niche is a way of life, or a role in an ecosystem.
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology Of Organisms
Earthworm Niche
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Chapter 18
Section 2 Ecology of Organisms
Niche
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Objectives
• Summarize the role of producers in an ecosystem.
• Identify several kinds of consumers in an ecosystem.
• Explain the important role of decomposers in an ecosystem.
• Compare the concept of a food chain with that of a food web.
• Explain why ecosystems usually contain only a few trophic
levels.
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Producers
• Most producers are photosynthetic and make
carbohydrates by using energy from the sun.
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Producers, continued
• Measuring Productivity
– Gross primary productivity is the rate at which
producers in an ecosystem capture the energy of
sunlight by producing organic compounds.
– The rate at which biomass accumulates is called
net primary productivity.
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Consumers
• Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms
and include herbivores, omnivores, carnivores,
detritivores, and decomposers.
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Comparing Consumers and Producers
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Energy Flow
• Food Chains and Food Webs
– A single pathway of energy transfer is a food
chain.
– A network showing all paths of energy transfer is a
food web.
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Food Chains and Food Webs
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Food Chain in an Antarctic Ecosystem
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Food Web
in an
Antarctic
Ecosystem
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Energy Flow, continued
• Energy Transfer
– Ecosystems contain only a few trophic levels
because there is a low rate of energy transfer
between each level.
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Energy Transfer Through Trophic Levels
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Chapter 18
Section 3 Energy Transfer
Energy Pyramid
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Objectives
• List four major biogeochemical cycles.
• Summarize three important processes in the water cycle.
• Outline the major steps in the carbon cycle.
• Describe the role of decomposers in the nitrogen cycle.
• Summarize the major steps of the phosphorus cycle.
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
The Water Cycle
• Key processes in the water cycle are evaporation,
transpiration, and precipitation.
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Water Cycle
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Water Cycle
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
The Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the two
main steps in the carbon cycle.
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Carbon Cycle
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Carbon Cycle
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are important in the
nitrogen cycle because they change nitrogen gas
into a usable form of nitrogen for plants.
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Nitrogen Cycle
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Nitrogen Cycle
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Chapter 18
Section 4 Ecosystem Recycling
Phosphorus Cycle
• In the phosphorus cycle, phosphorus moves from
phosphate deposited in rock, to the soil, to living
organisms, and finally to the ocean.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. What are the levels of organization in ecology?
A. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, body
B. organ, organism, population, community
C. organism, population, community, ecosystem,
biosphere
D. population, habitat, ecosystem, biogeochemical
system, planet
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. What are the levels of organization in ecology?
A. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, body
B. organ, organism, population, community
C. organism, population, community, ecosystem,
biosphere
D. population, habitat, ecosystem, biogeochemical
system, planet
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. What makes up an ecosystem?
F. all the habitat types on Earth
G. all parts of Earth where life exists
H. all members of a species in the same area
J. all the living and nonliving factors in an
environment
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. What makes up an ecosystem?
F. all the habitat types on Earth
G. all parts of Earth where life exists
H. all members of a species in the same area
J. all the living and nonliving factors in an
environment
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following are abiotic factors?
A. plants
B. animals
C. sunlight
D. microorganisms
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following are abiotic factors?
A. plants
B. animals
C. sunlight
D. microorganisms
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. How do decomposers benefit an ecosystem?
F. by returning nutrients to the soil
G. by manufacturing energy from sunlight
H. by removing excess nutrients from the soil
J. by removing predators from the ecosystem
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. How do decomposers benefit an ecosystem?
F. by returning nutrients to the soil
G. by manufacturing energy from sunlight
H. by removing excess nutrients from the soil
J. by removing predators from the ecosystem
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which organisms are most critical in the nitrogen
cycle?
A. plants
B. nitrates
C. animals
D. bacteria
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which organisms are most critical in the nitrogen
cycle?
A. plants
B. nitrates
C. animals
D. bacteria
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the illustration below to answer question 6. The
illustration represents a trophic pyramid.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What is the term for the kinds of organisms that make
up the trophic level labeled C?
F. producers
G. consumers
H. detritivores
J. decomposers
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What is the term for the kinds of organisms that make
up the trophic level labeled C?
F. producers
G. consumers
H. detritivores
J. decomposers
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
7. bear : omnivore :: vulture :
A. producer
B. herbivore
C. detritivore
D. decomposer
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
7. bear : omnivore :: vulture :
A. producer
B. herbivore
C. detritivore
D. decomposer
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the illustration to
answer question 8.
The illustration
represents a food
chain.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. What role do the krill have in this food chain?
F. They are producers.
G. They are consumers.
H. They are detritivores.
J. They are decomposers.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. What role do the krill have in this food chain?
F. They are producers.
G. They are consumers.
H. They are detritivores.
J. They are decomposers.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Give two reasons why the destruction of tropical
rain forests can contribute to an increase in
carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Give two reasons why the destruction of tropical
rain forests can contribute to an increase in
carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Answer: The burning of vegetation releases CO2
into the atmosphere and removes plants that
could have absorbed the CO2 already in the
atmosphere.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information
below.
Some species are generalized with regard to their niche,
and other species are specialized.
Part A Compare the niche of a generalist species with
one of a specialist species.
Part B Predict how two different herbivores can share
the same plant resource.
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Chapter 18
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Generalist species have a broad niche, as
they can tolerate a wide range of conditions
and use a wide variety of resources. Specialist
species can only use specific resources and
have more narrowly defined niches.
Part B Two herbivores might eat different parts
of the plant, or might eat the plant at different
times of the year.
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