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_________ _____________
DYNAMICS
1
Is the World Overpopulated?
Much of the world’s
population ________
occurs in developing
countries like ______
and _______.
The world’s population
is projected to increase
from ___ billion to ____
billion by _______.
2
Fig. 6-1, p. 125
______ Most Populous Countries, 2010 and 2050
3
Fig. 6-4, p. 127
Is the World Overpopulated?
Some argue that the planet has _____ many people.
Some feel that the world can support _______ of more
people due to _____________ advances.
Constant _______ over the need to reduce
population growth.
Must consider _______, __________, and ________ freedom.
Do not know how long we can continue
increasing the earth’s carrying capacity for
humans. Likely to be between ________ billion
people on earth by 2050.
______% of growth in developing countries living in
acute ________.
4
_______ on Population Growth
No population can increase its size
___________.
As the human population ______, so
does the global total human _________
footprint
_________ ________ __________
Total ________ of people who could live in
___________ freedom and comfort
__________, without _________ the ability
of the earth to sustain ______ generations
5
Population Growth Cycle
Biotic Potential ex. Housefly can
lay 120 eggs in each generation. If
nothing hurt the eggs or the flies, in
7 generations there would be
6,182,442,727,320 flies.
______
________– a
populations
capacity for
growth
As a
population
levels off, it
fluctuates
slightly _____
and ______
the carrying
capacity.6
Humans Are Not Exempt from
Nature’s Population Controls
________
Potato crop in 1845
________ _________
Fourteenth century
______
Global epidemic
7
Exceeding Carrying Capacity: Move,
Switch Habits, or Decline in Size
Over time species may _______ their
carrying capacity by developing __________.
Some species maintain their carrying capacity
by _________ to other areas.
So far, technological, social, and other
cultural changes have _________ the earth’s
carrying capacity for humans.
8
Features of Populations
Populations are dynamic and
exhibit attributes that are not
shown by the individuals
themselves.
These attributes can be
measured or calculated and
include:
_____________: the total
number of organisms in the
population.
____________: the
number of organisms per unit
area.
________________: the
location of individuals within
a specific area.
9
Features of Populations
Population composition
provides information relevant
to the ________ of the
population, i.e. whether the
population is _________ or
__________.
Information on population
composition (or structure)
includes:
__________: the number
of organisms of each sex.
__________ (fertility): the
reproductive capacity of the
females.
___________: the
number of organisms of
different ages.
10
Population ___________
‣ The study of _________ in the
size and composition of
populations, and the ________
influencing these changes, is
population dynamics.
‣ Key factors for study include:
Population _______ rate:
the change in the total
population size per unit time.
__________:(birth rate): the
number of individuals born per
unit time.
__________ :(death rate):
the number of individuals dying
per unit time.
__________:the number
moving into or out of the
population.
Population size is influenced by births…
…and deaths
11
____________
‣ Migration is the _________ of
organisms into (___________)
and _____ of (___________) a
population. It affects
population attributes such as
age and sex structure, as well
as the dynamics of a
population.
Populations _______
individuals through deaths and
emigration.
Populations _______
individuals through births and
immigration.
_____ Migration = Immigration
– Emigration
Net Migration _____ = Number
of Immigrates/ Number of
people in population.
Wildebeest - land based migration
Canada geese - aerial migration
Migrating species may group together to
form large mobile populations
12
Population ___________
‣ Population Density - _______ of
individuals per unit ______ or
________.
‣
‣
Can affect how rapidly a population
can grow or decline. Ex. _______
factors like disease.
Some population control factors are
not affected by population density.
Ex. ________ factors like weather.
Low density populations
At _____ densities, individuals are
spaced well apart. Exs: territorial,
solitary mammalian species such as
tigers.
At ______densities, individuals are
crowded together. Examples: colonial
animals, such as rabbits, corals, and
termites.
population
(
area
)
= Population Density
High density populations
13
Population Distribution
Clumped distribution in termites
More uniform distribution in cacti
‣ A _______ measure of
population density tells us
nothing about the ________
distribution of individuals in the
habitat.
‣ The population distribution
_________ the location of
individuals within an area.
Distribution patterns are
determined by the habitat
___________ (distribution of
resources) and _________ of the
organisms themselves, such as
territoriality in animals or
autotoxicity in plants.
Individuals in a population may
be distributed __________,
___________, or in _________.
14
__________ Distribution
‣ A population’s distribution is
considered _________ if the
position of each individual is
____________ of the others.
‣ Random distributions are ____
common; they can occur only
where:
The environment is ________
and resources are equally
available throughout the year.
There are ____ interactions
between individuals or
interactions produce no patterns
of avoidance or attraction.
‣ Random distributions are seen in
some ___________ populations,
e.g. spiders and clams, and
some trees.
Spider populations appear to show a
random distribution
15
__________ Distribution
‣ ________ or regular distribution
patterns occur where individuals
are more _______ spaced than
would occur by chance.
‣ Regular patterns of distribution
result from ____________
competition amongst members
of a population:
Territoriality in a relatively
_____________ environment.
Competition for root and crown
space in forest trees or
moisture in desert and savanna
plants.
____________: chemical
inhibition of plant seedlings of
the same species.
Saguaro cacti compete for moisture and
show a uniform distribution
16
__________ Distribution
‣ _________ distributions are the
_______ common in nature;
individuals are clustered together
in groups.
‣ Population clusters may occur
around a ________ such as food
or shelter.
‣ Clumped distributions result from
the responses of plants and
animals to:
_________ differences
Daily and seasonal changes in
________ and environment
____________ patterns
________ behavior
Sociality leads to clumped distribution
17
Density ___________ Factors
‣ Density dependent factors
exert a ________ effect on
population growth at _______
population densities.
At high densities, individuals:
Compete ______ for
resources.
Are more _______ located by
predators and parasites.
Are more ___________ to
infection and disease.
Competition increases in
crowded populations
‣ Density dependent factors are
_________ factors such as
food supply, disease, parasite
infestation, competition, and
predation.
Parasites can spread rapidly
through dense populations
18
Density ___________ Factors
‣ The effect of density independent
factors on a population’s growth is
not dependent on that
population’s density:
________ (or abiotic) factors
temperature
precipitation
humidity
acidity
salinity etc.
____________events
floods and tsunamis
fire
drought
earthquake and eruption
19
Population ________
‣ Population growth _________ on
the number of individuals added to
the population from ________ and
________, minus the number _____
through ________ and _________.
This can be expressed as a formula:
Population growth =
(Births – Deaths) + (Immigration – Emigration)
(B)
‣
(D)
(I)
(E)
_______ birth and ______ death rates
used which is #live births per ______
per year and # of deaths per _______
per year
20
Growth rate
________population growth rate
(______ rate-_______ rate)/10
_________ population growth rate
(______ rate-______ rate) + (_________
– ____________) / 10
If a population of 10,000 experiences
100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants
and 30 emigrants in a year, what is the
national population growth rate?
21
________ Rate of _______
Population Change (%)=
Birth rate – Death rate
______ people
x ____
22
Rates of Population Change
Ecologists usually measure
the rate of population change.
These rates are i_________
by ____________ factors and
by the __________ of the
organisms themselves.
Rates are expressed as:
Many invertebrate populations
increase rapidly in the right conditions
_________per unit time,
e.g. 2000 live births per year
_____ _______
______(number per head of
population),
e.g. 122 live births per 1000
individuals (12.2%)
Large mammalian carnivores have
a lower innate capacity for increase
23
___________ Growth
Populations becoming established in
a new area for the first time are
often termed ________ populations.
___________ growth- growth that
increases at a constant rate per unit of
time. Ex. - the growth sequence 2, 4, 8,
16, 32, 64 and so on
In __________ populations,
population growth rarely continues
to increase at an exponential rate.
_________ in the environment,
such as available food or space, act
to _______ population growth.
Population numbers (N)
They may undergo a rapid
___________ (logarithmic) increase
in numbers to produce a ___-shaped
growth curve when plotted over
time.
Colonizing Population
Here the number
being added to the
population per unit
time is large.
Exponential (J)
curve Exponential
growth is sustained
only when there are
no constraints from
the environment.
Here, the number
being added to the
population per unit
time is small.
Lag
phase
Time
24
_________ Growth Model
As a population _____ and it encounters _____________
resistance, its increase will slow, and it will stabilize at a
level that can supported by the environment.
This type of ___________ growth (___) produces the
logistic growth curve when plotted over time.
Population numbers (N)
The population encounters
resistance to exponential growth
as it begins to fill up the
environment. This is called
environmental resistance.
Established Population
Carrying capacity (K)
The maximum population density
that can be supported by the
environment on a long term basis.
Logistic (S) curve
As the population grows,
the rate of population
increase slows, reaching
an equilibrium level
around the carrying
capacity.
Lag phase
Environmental resistance
increases as the
population overshoots K.
Environmental
resistance decreases as
the population falls
below K.
In the early
phase, growth
is exponential
(or nearly so)
The population tends to fluctuate around an
'equilibrium level'. The fluctuations are caused
by variations in the birth rate and death rate as
a result of the population density exceeding of
falling below carrying capacity.
Time
25
Exponential and Logistic Population
Growth: J-Curves and S-Curves
26
Number of sheep (millions)
2.0
Population
overshoots
carrying
capacity
Carrying capacity
1.5
Population recovers
and stabilizes
1.0
Exponential
growth
.5
Population
runs out of
resources
and crashes
Populations grow rapidly with
ample resources, but as
resources become limited, its
growth rate slows and levels off.
1800
1825
1850
1875
Year
1900
1925
27
Fig. 5-15, p. 115
______ Tables
Numerical ______ collected during a population study can
be presented as a table of figures called a _____ table.
‣ Life tables provide a summary of _______ for a
population. The basic data are the number of individuals
surviving to each age interval. This gives the ages at
which most mortality occurs in a population.
Life table for a population of the barnacle Balanus
Age (yr)
No. alive at
the start of
the age
interval
Proportion of
original no.
surviving at the
start of the age
interval
No. dying
during the
age interval
Mortality
(d)
0
142
1.000
80
0.563
1
62
0.437
28
0.452
2
34
0.239
14
0.412
3
20
0.141
5
0.250
4
15
0.106
4
0.267
5
11
0.078
5
0.454
6
6
0.042
4
0.667
7
2
0.014
0
0.000
8
2
0.014
2
1.000
9
0
0.0
–
–
28
_____________ Curves
‣ The _____structure of a population can represented with a
__________ curve. Survivorship curves use a semi-log plot of
the number of individuals surviving per 1000 in the population,
against age.
Because they are standardized (as number of survivors per 1000),
species with different life expectancies can be easily compared.
The _______ of the curve reflects where __________ mortality
occurs:
Number of
survivors (log
scale)
Type I: late loss
large mammals
Type II: constant loss
small mammals, songbirds
Type III: early loss
oysters, barnacles
Relative age
29
Type ____ Survivorship Curves
‣ Species with Type I or
_____ loss survivorship
curves show the heaviest
mortality _____ in life.
Mortality is very low in the
juvenile years and
throughout most of adult
life.
Mortality is very
low in early life
Mortality increases
rapidly in old age
Late loss curves are typical
of species that produce
_____ young and care for
them until they reach
_____________ age.
Such species are
sometimes called ____selected species and
include elephants, humans,
and other large mammals.
30
Type ____ Survivorship Curves
‣ Species with Type II or
________ loss survivorship
curves show a relatively
________ mortality at all
life stages.
Constant loss curves are
typical of species with
____________reproductive
strategies. Populations face
loss from __________ and
_________throughout life.
Examples include some
many types of songbirds,
some annual plants, some
lizards, and many small
mammals.
Constant mortality.
No one age class is
any more susceptible
than any other.
31
Type _____ Survivorship Curves
‣ Species with Type III or
______ loss survivorship
curves show the highest
mortality in _______ life
stages, with low mortality
for those few individuals
reaching a certain age and
size.
Early loss curves are typical
of species that produce
_______ number of
offspring and ______
parental care.
Such species are ___selected species
(____________), and
include most annual plants,
most bony fish (although
not mouth brooders), and
most marine invertebrates.
Population losses are
high in early life stages
Mortality is low for
the few individuals
surviving to old age
32
‘____’ and ‘____’ Selection
The __________ rate of
natural increase or biotic
potential. This is the
___________
reproductive potential of
an organism, symbolized
by the letter r.
The _________ density
or carrying capacity of
the environment,
represented by the
letter, K.
We can characterize
species by the relative
importance of __ and __
in their life cycles.
Population numbers (N)
Two parameters govern
the logistic growth of
populations.
K-selected species
These species exist near
asymptotic density (K) for
most of the time. Competition
and effective use of resources
are important.
r-selected species
These species rarely reach
carrying capacity (K). Their
populations are in nearly
exponential growth phases for
much of the year. Early growth,
rapid development, and fast
population growth are important.
Time
33
___-Selected Species
Species that are Kselected exist under
________ competition
and are pushed to use
available resources more
___________.
These species have
_______ offspring and
longer lives.
They put their energy
into _________ their
young to reproductive
age.
____-selected species
include most large
mammals, birds of prey,
and large, long-lived
plants.
Correlates of K-selected species
Climate
Fairly constant and/or
predictable
Mortality
Density-dependent
Survivorship
Usually types I and II
(late or constant loss)
Population size
Fairly constant in time.
Near equilibrium with the
environment.
Competition
Usually keen.
Specialist niche.
Selection favors
Slower development,
larger body size, greater
competitive ability,
delayed reproduction,
repeated reproductions
Length of life
Longer (> one year)
Leads to:
Efficiency
34
____-Selected Species
Species with a high intrinsic
capacity for population
increase are called rselected or __________
species.
These species show certain
life history features and, to
survive, must continually
________ new _______ to
compensate for being
displaced by more
competitive species.
____________ include
algae, bacteria, rodents,
many insects, and most
annual plants.
Correlates of r-selected species
Climate
Variable and/or
unpredictable
Mortality
Density-independent
Survivorship
Often type III
(early loss)
Population
size
Fluctuates wildly. Often
below K.
Competition
Variable, often lax.
Generalist niche.
Selection
favors
Rapid development, high
rm, early reproduction,
small body size, single
reproduction (annual)
Length of life
Short, usually less than
one year
Leads to:
Productivity
35
____________
Demography is the ______ of human populations,
their characteristics and changes. Demographics will
measure:
Statistics about people, such as _______, ______, and
where they _______ as well as total population _____.
36
Science Focus: Projecting
Population Change
Why range of 7.8-10.8 billion for 2050?
_____________ must:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Measure _________ about people, such as
birth, deaths, and where they live as well as
total population size.
Determine ________ of current estimates.
Make assumptions about ________ trends.
Deal with different ___________ and sets of
____________.
37
Human Population Growth
The world population, now over
____ billion, is growing at the rate
of about million per year.
Projections put the world
population at between ___ and
___ billion in 2050, with nearly all
of this growth expected in the
developing world.
___________ countries include:
Africa, Asia, Latin America, the
Caribbean, and regions of
Melanesia, Micronesia, and
Polynesia.
The human population has grown
rapidly because of the expansion
of ___________ and _________
production and ______ death
rates from _________ in hygiene
and medicine.
Developing countries
grew at 0.1%
Developed countries grew
at 1.5% (15 times faster)
38
Growth Rate and percent change
_______ rate includes the birth
rate, death rate, immigration and
emigration. Usually calculated
using the __________:
_______ in pop = (B+I) – (D+E)
___ ________ = change in
value/old value x 100%
If a population of 10,000
experiences 100 births, 40
deaths, 10 immigrants and 30
emigrants in a year, what is the
annual percentage growth
rate?
39
_________ Time: Rule of ___
_________ time is the _____ it
takes for the population to
________ the number of people
in the current population.
Calculated as __ / % growth rate
____/ growth rate = doubling
time
If a population of a country
grows at a rate of 5% a year,
the number of years required for
the pop to double is what?
40
Doubling Time: Rule of 70
Growth Rate
(% per year)
Doubling Time
in years
700
0.5
140
1
70
2
35
3
23
4
18
14
6
12
7
10
10
7
41
______ Population Growth
Estimates of likely ______ growth of the world
human population are highly uncertain and
projections for 2050 range from a low of ____
billion to a high of _____ billion.
Global Human Population Growth
North America
High fertility rate: 11.2 billion
Medium fertility rate: 9.4 billion
Low fertility rate: 7.7 billion
Latin America & Caribbean
Europe
Asia & Oceania
Africa
Note: The latest
‘medium variant’ U.N.
projection of 9.37
billion is nearly 500
million (4.7%) lower
than the 9.83 billion
projected in 1994.
42
___________ Transitions
__________where countries become ___________
developed then their birth and death rates begin to
decline. In the past this was referred to as “_____”
and “______” world countries or “__________” and
“___________”.
Currently this process is described by the different
stages according to population growth:
_____________ stage shows little population
growth due to high birth rate with high death rate.
____________stage is where industrialization
begins, death rates drops and birth rates remain high.
Rapid population growth occurs.
__________ stage is birth rate dropping and
approaching death rate. Population growth slowly
declines.
___________ stage are birth rate and death rate
become similar and population growth slows or
declines.
43
Demographic Transition
Generalized model of demographic transition shows
that the total ________ of a society _________ as the
society progresses through the demographic transition.
Some _______ countries may have difficulty making the
demographic transition.
44
Demographic Transition
45
_____ __________
‣ Age structure refers to the
_________ of organisms of
different _____.
Populations can be broadly
grouped into those individuals
of:
_____________ age
____________ age
______ ___________ age
________ of the age structure
of populations can assist in
their management because it
can __________ where most
population __________ occurs
and whether or not
_____________ individuals are
being _________.
Size/age classes in fish
46
Human _____ Structure
Human age structure varies Age Structure in Human Populations
from country to country.
Number of people younger
than age ___ is the major
factor determining a
country’s population
________.
In __________
countries age structure
tends to be in favor of
younger individuals with
a large proportion being
_______ 15 years.
In _________ nations,
age structure is
relatively _______
throughout the age
groups.
Changes in distribution of a
country’s age groups have longlasting ___________ and _______
47
impacts.
Determining Population Growth
The ______ at which a
population grows or declines
depends on its _____
structure.
Age structure diagrams show
the ________ of different age
groups. These groups are
further broken into cohorts:
____________ age (____) are
persons who are not mature
enough to reproduce
___________ age (_____)are
those persons that are capable
of reproduction.
_______________ age (____)
are those persons too old to
reproduce.
48
Age Structure Diagrams: Histograms
49
Age Structure
Since age structure
diagrams are broken
down by age,
demographers can
obtain:
______ rate
________ rate
______ rate of an
entire population.
These diagrams are
usually broken down by
________ and divided
into ________.
____% of the people in
developing countries
were under 15 years old
in 2012 versus only
____% in developed
50
countries.
Age Structure: United States
Because of ______ boom, the US has a bulge(yellow) in the
pyramid with people in their ________.
There are ______ women than men in the older group
51
because of differences in ___________ between sexes.
_______ Growth Diagram
‣ _________ shaped histograms have a birth rate that ________ the
‣
death rate. Lower cohorts have more males and females.
Population growth is ______ in countries that have a pyramid shape.
Current modern examples include Africa, Asia, and Latin America
52
____________ Growth Diagrams
‣ When the histogram shape is “_____”-like, then stable or slow growth is
‣
represented.
Birth rate is ________ equal to death rate. Sometimes called _______
growth.
Current examples of slow growth: USA, Australia, & Canada
Current examples of stable growth: Denmark, Austria, & Italy
53
_________ Growth Diagrams
‣ If there is __________ or _________ growth, then the birth rate with
‣
be _____ than the death rate.
Pyramids with declining populations tend to show _______ numbers
of ________ persons in their population.
Current examples: Germany & Japan
54
Some Problems with Rapid Population Decline
Can threaten economic growth
Labor shortages
Less government revenues with fewer
workers
Less entrepreneurship and new business
formation
Less likelihood for new technology
development
Increasing public deficits to fund higher
pension and health-care costs
Pensions may be cut and retirement age
increased
______ decline
manageable
______ decline
causes severe
________ and
_______
problems.
How do we pay
for services for
elderly?
55
Fig. 6-15, p. 138
Developing vs. Developed
_____________ (Transitional, _______ World):
_______ infant mortality rate because of a shortage in prenatal and
pediatric care. Thus, they have _______ children to ensure some
survive.
____________societies need children to help in the _______ force.
Lower per capita income or poorer countries need children to
provide an ______ and sometimes contraceptives are not affordable.
Women ______education and _____ opportunities.
___________ (Industrial, ______ World):
Usually don’t have population problems but can be linked to ______.
Educated and working women tend to ________ childbearing.
________ systems support people as they age.
________ _________ and the ability to control fertility.
Higher ______ of raising children causes people to have smaller
families.
Abortion is _______.
56
Where Population Growth Occurred, 1950-2010
57
Fig. 6-3, p. 123
_____________
Urbanization is the movement of people from
______ areas into ______
Urban areas must ______ most of its food, water,
energy, minerals, & other resources because of
_______ populations
Large populations _________ and ________
enormous quantities of resources that can pollute
the air, water & land.
________ can easily spread in urban areas
because of the high density population.
____% of world’s people live in urban areas that
occupy only ___% of world’s land and they
consume ____% of the world’s resources.
58
_____________
Environmental pressures of urbanization from
population growth are reduced because _____ rates in
urban areas usually are _____x’s lower than in _____
areas because cities provide ________ opportunities.
Some countries, including China, ________ couples
who have more than one or two children by:
1. Raising their _______
2. Charging other _____
3. Eliminating _________ tax deductions for a couple’s
third child
4. ______ of health-care benefits, free education, food
allotments and job options
59
________ and _________
_______ mortality rate: The number of
child and/or infant deaths.
If a mother lives in an area with a ______
infant mortality rate she will tend to have
_____ of children to ensure some will
make it to adulthood. This ensures care for
________ parents and a ________ force.
Infant mortality rate is _______ in
developing countries than in developed
countries.
Along with life expectancy, the infant
mortality rate is a good indicator of the
___________ of life of a country
___________level fertility: the number of
children a couple must bear to replace
_____________.
Slightly higher than two children per
couple. (____ in developed countries and
_____ in some developing countries.)
60
________ Fertility Rates
__________ rate – number of children born to a woman
during her ________.
_______ fertility rate (_____): the average number of
children a woman has during __________ years.
In _______, the average global Total Fertility Rate was ____
children per woman.
_____ in developed countries (down from 2.5 in 1950.)
_____ in developing countries (down from 6.5 in 1950).
If fertility rate drops to replacement level fertility but the
population continues to grow, this is called population
___________ and can be seen in __________ shaped age
structure diagrams.
Birth rates and fertility rates have been _______ or ________
because:
Cultural/religious practices __________ birth control.
Cultural/religious practices ________ large families.
Education/Employment/Status of women is ______
61
_______ Rates
Based on current trends, it is assumed that
human fertility rates will continue to ________
and life expectancy will continue to ___________.
Developing countries are expected to broadly
follow these demographic trends.
Trends in Fertility Rates
Africa
Asia
South & Central
America
Developing
Developed
62
World population (in billions)
Where are we going?
11
UN high-fertility variant (2008 revision)
U.S. Census Bureau (2008 update)
UN medium-fertility variant (2008 revision)
IIASA (2007 update)
UN low-fertility variant (2008 revision)
10
9
8
7
6
2010
2020
2030
Year
2040
2050
63
Fig. 6-B, p. 130
______ Affecting Birth Rates and
Fertility Rates
The number of children women have is
affected by:
The _____ of raising and educating them.
Availability of _________.
__________.
__________ and ____________ opportunities.
Infant _______.
Child _______
___________ age.
__________ beliefs, _________, and __________ norms
Availability of _____________ and _________.
64
_______ Affecting Death Rates
Death rates have _________ because of:
__________ food supplies, better _______ due
to Green Revolution
Fertilizers and
increased
Advances in ________. (Antibiotics and vaccines) pesticides
crop yields
___________ in prenatal or neonatal care
Improved __________, safer water supplies and personal
hygiene due to Industrial Revolution.
U.S. infant mortality is _______ than it could be (ranked
___th world-wide by CIA and ____th by Save the
Childeren) due to:
More children live
_________ pre- and post-natal care for poor.
_______ addiction.
High _________ birth rate.
past childbirth
65
Infant Mortality Rates, 1950-2010
66
Fig. 6-10, p. 129
Populations Can _______ from a
Rising Death Rate: The _____ Tragedy
____ million killed: 1981-2012
Many young adults die: ____ of
most productive ______
Sharp drop in _____ expectancy
_________ community
Reduce the spread of HIV
through _________ and
______ care
Financial _________ and
_________
67
Fig. 6-15, p. 134
Population _____________
Human population growth is _______ than predicted
but because of the large and increasing population size
the world population is still expected to _________
substantially ________ stabilizing.
Progress Towards Population Stabilization
South & Central America
Africa
Asia
Developing
Developed
68
Demographics in the USA
The baby ______ that followed the baby _____ was largely due
to _______ marriage, ____________, and _________.
Now becoming senior citizens (_________ of America)
In ________, the total fertility rate in the United States was
69
slightly > _____
Demographics in the USA
Nearly ____ million people were added to the U.S. in
_______:
___% occurred because of births outnumbering deaths
___% came from illegal and legal immigration. Population
increase in recent years has been because of immigration
_____ in U.S. dropped
Rate of population
growth has ______.
Current US
Population:
_____________
70
Legal Immigration to the U.S. between 1820 and 2006
71
Fig. 6-11, p. 135
20th Century Lifestyle Changes in the U.S.
72
Fig. 6-7, p. 132
_________ Countries
High rates of ________ use because of the availability of
resources, production, and waste.
Result in high levels of _________ and environmental degradation
per person because of control methods, clean up, and education.
The _________ of a country’s _________ growth is the Gross
_________ Product (GNP) or the Gross _________ Product (GDP).
The Human Development ______ is also commonly used to
determine development.
Most developed countries have a
GDP that is high and a population
growth rate that is low.
73
__________ Countries
_____, the largest, has taken drastic population control methods.
By ____, _______ is predicted to pass China. __________ is
projected to become 3rd (the ____ is 3rd now.)
_______ is losing 600,000 people a year, after being the 4th
largest country in 1950 due to pollution, crime, corruption,
hyperinflation, disease, and despair.
Environmentalists are concerned about _________ use because
developing countries are increasing their __________ of living.
74
Environmental Impact Equation
(Paul Ehrlich Formula)
Population X affluence X technology =
__________________
Estimated that a US citizen consumes ___x’s as
much as the average citizen of India and
____x’s as much as the average person in the
world’s poorest countries.
Thus, poor parents in a developing country would
need _________ kids to have the same lifetime
environmental impact as ___ typical US kids.
75
______ Population Control
‣ ______ has tried population
control methods with modest
success. Poor ________,
bureaucratic inefficiency,
____ status of women and
lack of support have led to
____ success. The family
planning method calls for:
__________ of women
including basic literacy.
Encouraged education of
____________ use among
women & birth spacing.
‣ Possible problems include:
_________/________ issues.
______ of programs.
76
China’s Population Control
China has used a government-enforced
program, “One-Child Policy”, to reduce
the fertility rate. The One-Child Policy
includes:
Paid leave to women for fertility
operations.
Monthly Subsidy to one-child families.
Tuition and job priorities for only children.
Housing preferences.
Additional food rations.
Monetary compensation.
Problems include:
Preference toward gender
Increase in orphans
Consequences or punishment for multiple
births
77
Core Case Study: Slowing Population
Growth in _______: A Success Story
____ billion people
Currently, China’s TFR is ____ children per
women.
China has moved ____ million people out of
poverty.
China’s policy ______ couples who have more
than one or two children by:
Raising their taxes, charging other fees, eliminating
income tax deductions for a couple’s third child, and
loss of health-care benefits, food allotments and job
78
options
Percentage of world
population
20%
1.1 billion
1.3 billion
1.4 billion
1.6 billion
Population
Population (2050)
(estimated)
Illiteracy (% of adults)
Total fertility rate
Infant mortality rate
47%
17%
36%
Population under age 15 (%)
Population growth rate (%)
20%
1.6%
0.6%
2.9 children per women (down from 5.3 in 1970)
1.6 children per women (down from 5.7 in 1972)
58
27
62 years
70 years
Life expectancy
Percentage living
below $2 per day
GDP PPP per capita
India
China
17%
80
47
$3,120
$5,890
79
1994 Global (Cairo) Conference:
Population & Development
The ________ at Cairo, Egypt, encouraged
action to stabilized the world’s population at
____ billion by 2050, instead of the
projected _______ billion.
Provide _________ access to family-planning
services
Improve the ______ care of infants, children
& pregnant women and improve the _______
of women by expanding education & job
opportunities
Encourage development of _________
population policies
Increase _______ involvement in childrearing responsibility & family planning and
increase access to education for ______
Take steps to eradicate ________
80
INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZE
The _____ way to slow population growth is:
Investing in family _________(has reduced number
of _______ and ________ throughout world).
Reducing _________.
_________
Elevating the ________ of women by not
suppressing their human rights and having paying
job outside of home.
Family planning in _____-developed countries
Responsible for a ____% drop in TFRs
Financial ________: money spent on family
planning saves far more in health, education costs
81
Global Contraceptive Usage
____ problems
1. ___%
pregnancies
unplanned, ___%
end with abortion
2. Many couples do
not have ______
to family planning
82
Problems with a Growing Population
Thomas _______ 1798
“_________ ________” – Human population
increases exponentially while food supplies
increase at a slower linear rate
Argued rising ______ and improved well-being
would lead to ______ reproduction among the
working class.
A labor ______ would then cause wages to _____
below subsistence levels, resulting in starvation,
disease and crime.
Argued, land for food production was ______
factor in both population growth and economic
83
development.
__________ with a Growing Population
_________ for World Hunger Issues
Unequal __________ of available food
Loss of _______ land
Increasing _________ growth rate
Increasing _________ in developing countries
____________ for ensuring adequate nutrition for a growing
population:
Increase the number of new food ______ from a diversity of
plant species
Distribute food more __________
Increase land are that is dedicated to _______ production
rather than _______ production
Assist developing countries in efficient crop _________
systems.
84
Environmental ________
____________ destroys habitats and reduces
biodiversity:
Farming and the creation of monocultures,
housing or development projects that cause
urbanization, fuel from wood, and fossil fuel
recovery from mining.
________ fuel burning releases CO2:
Results in climate change, change in temperature
and precipitation patterns changing habitats.
_________ fishing and _____ farming:
Spreads disease to native fish and causes
unsustainable fish populations.
_________ and _________ of water:
For agricultural, municipal, and industrial use
reduces water supplies.
Building __________:
To accommodate increased amounts of trash.
85
HUMAN ASPECTS ON
NATURAL SYSTEMS
We have used
__________ to alter
much of the rest of
nature in ways that
threaten the _______
of many other _____
and could reduce the
quality of _____ for
our own _______.
86