Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Conservation movement wikipedia , lookup
Pleistocene Park wikipedia , lookup
Hemispherical photography wikipedia , lookup
Old-growth forest wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
List of ecoregions in North America (CEC) wikipedia , lookup
Ecology and The Biosphere Abiotic vs. Biotic Abiotic (nonliving) temperature light water nutrients wind disturbance Biotic (living) other individuals of the same species individuals of different species (predators, prey, parasites) Biogeographic Realms Climate The prevailing weather conditions at a location which includes: temperature water light wind Global Climate Patterns Solar Radiation and Latitude At Equinox sunlight hits equator directly low angle of light as you move toward poles Solar Radiation and Latitude At Solstice June (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) December (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) Global Climate Patterns Global Climate Patterns solar radiation at equator air circulation tropics global wind patterns Local Effects on Climate Local and Seasonal Effects on Climate Mountains (Rain shadow) Bodies of Water Ocean Currents Aquatic Biomes Vertical Stratification Of Aquatic Biomes Photic Zone Aphotic Zone Benthic Zone Vertical Stratification Of Aquatic Biomes Thermocline Freshwater Biomes Eutrophic lakes Oligotrophic lakes Mesotrophic lakes Freshwater Biomes Rivers and streams Freshwater Biomes Wetlands Estuary Marine Biomes Intertidal zones Marine Biomes Coral reefs Marine Biomes Oceanic pelagic Marine Biomes Benthos Terrestrial Biomes Terrestrial Biomes Tropical Forests Thorn Deciduous Rain forests Savannas Grasslands Deserts Chaparral Coastal Sage Scrub Temperate Deciduous Forests Taiga Tundra Tropical Rain Forest The tropical rain forest is a forest of tall trees An average of 50 to 260 inches (125 to 660 cm.) of rain falls yearly. The temperature in a rain forest rarely gets higher than 93 °F (34 °C) or drops below 68 °F (20 °C); Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Rain Forest Savannahs A savanna is a rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees Not enough rain falls on a savanna to support forests. Savannas have warm temperature year round and two very different seasons long dry season (winter) – 4 inches of rain very wet season (summer). In the summer there is lots of rain. Savannahs Savannahs Grasslands Grassland biomes are large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs. Latitude, soil and local climates for the most part determine what kinds of plants grow Grasslands are a region where the average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses, and in some areas a few trees. The precipitation is so erratic that drought and fire prevent large forests from growing. Grasslands Grasslands Deserts Less than 10 inches of rain a year Hot Deserts Cold Deserts Deserts Deserts Chaparral Chaparral is characterized as being very hot and dry. Temperature the winter is very mild and is usually about 10 °C. the summer. It is so hot and dry at 40 °C that fires and droughts are very common. Coastal Sage Scrub Coastal sage scrub is characterized as being very hot and dry. Temperature the winter is very mild and is usually about 10 °C. the summer. It is so hot and dry at 40 °C that fires and droughts are very common. Chaparral Coastal Sage Scrub Temperate Deciduous Forest Deciduous forests can be found in the eastern half of North America The average annual temperature in a deciduous forest is 50° F. The average rainfall is 30 to 60 inches a year. Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Taiga The taiga is the biome of the needleleaf forest. Taiga is the Russian word for forest and is the largest biome in the world. The winters in the taiga are very cold with only snowfall. The summers are warm, rainy, and humid. A lot of coniferous trees grow in the taiga. The taiga is also known as the boreal forest. Taiga Taiga Tundra Tundra means a barren land. The ground is permanently frozen 10 inches to 3 feet (25 to 100 cm) down so that trees can't grow there. rocky ground can only support low growing plants like mosses, heaths, and lichen. In the winter it is cold and dark and in the summer, when the snow and the top layer of permafrost melt, it is very soggy Tundra Organismal Ecology Regulators and Conformers Principle of allocation Short Term Responses Physiological Responses Acclimation Morphological Responses Behavioral Responses Acclimation A shift in an organism’s tolerance to fit a changing environment Trophic Levels Food Web Primary Productivity The amount of light energy that is converted into chemical energy Often expressed as biomass Pyramid of Net Productivity Secondary Productivity The rate at which an ecosystem converts the chemical energy of the food they eat into their own biomass 10% rule Nutrient Cycling Biodiversity Crisis Extinction Rates are increasing Toxins (biological magnification) Greenhouse effect / Ozone depletion Overpopulation Major threats to Biodiversity Habitat Destruction Overexploitation Introduction of exotics Disruption of food chains Geographic Distribution of Biodiversity Biodiversity Hotspots Conservation Endangered Species Threatened Species in danger of becoming extinct likely to become endangered in the near future Genetic Diversity Habitat Fragmentation Source vs. Sink Populations Source reproduction exceeds mortality Sink mortality exceeds reproduction Population Viability Analysis Predicts whether a species will persist in an environment minimum viable population effective population size Landscape Management Edges Corridors Protect landscapes not individual species Sustainable development Landscape Management