Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Wake-up 1. Explain the difference between acid deposition and global warming. 2. What is urbanization? EOC Review #6: Ecology Two Laws that Allow Ecosystems to Function: #2 The Cycling of Nutrients Nutrients = Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus Water cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere!!!! BUT it is in a form that organisms are unable to use Why do we need NITROGEN? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, found on plant roots in nodules, are able to change this unusable gas into a usable form Nitrogen cycle Ecology Basics – Food Webs and Energy Flow Identify 3 Abiotic and Biotic Factors in the Picture Below Levels of Organization within the Environment 1. INDIVIDUA L or SPECIES: One organism Levels of Organization within the Environment 2. POPULATION: Group of similar individuals/species Levels of Organization within the Environment 3. COMMUNITY: Group of populations living together Levels of Organization within the Environment 4. ECOSYSTEM: All the communities (biotic) “living” with the abiotic parts of the environment Levels of Organization within the Environment 5. BIOSPHERE: All the ecosystems on the planet Two Laws that Allow Ecosystems to Function: #1 The Flow of Energy; The Sun is the ULTIMATE source of energy for living things Organism can feed using two methods: Autotroph/Producer Organisms make their own food in their cells automatically Sun Energy source for Producer Example of Producers: PLANTS Bacteria Phytoplankton (phyto=light) Organism can feed using two methods: Heterotroph/Consumer Organisms cannot make their own food in their cells – need to eat/consume Herbivore Consumer that eats ONLY producers Carnivore: Consumer that eats ONLY other “meat”; other consumers Omnivore: Consumer that eats BOTH producers and consumers Scavenger: Consumer that eats the remains of dead/decaying organisms Decomposer: Consumer that breaks down the remains of dead/decaying organisms; returns nutrients to the producers Each organism in a food chain has a trophic level; A trophic level is a feeding level Energy Flow in Ecosystem Sun is the ultimate energy source in ecosystems How much energy is lost? 90% of the energy is lost; only 10% available energy moves to the next trophic level Energy Pyramid Diagram representing the amount of available energy Community Interactions Spider and Insect The spider is eating an insect that it has trapped. Predator-Prey OxPecker Bird and Hoofed Mammal The oxpecker eats parasites on the mammal which is food for the bird and removal of danger for the mammal Mutualism Whale and Barnacle The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale. This habitat is a good one for providing food. • The whale does not “appear” to be harmed. Commensalism Wasp and Hornworm Larva Adult wasps insert their eggs beneath the skin of the hornworm larva. The eggs hatch and the young feed hornworm until they form a pupa. The worm is killed. Parasitism Populations Factors that can cause a population change: 1. Number of Births Factors that can cause a population change: 2. Number of Deaths Factors that can cause a population change: 3. ImmigrationComing into a new environment Factors that can cause a population change: 4. Emigration: Leaving an environment J-Shaped Growth Curve # of Individuals Exponential Growth Time # of Individuals S-Shaped Growth Curve (Logistic) Time Explanation of Acid Deposition Rain, sleet, or snow that have a low pH; it is acidic. Natural rain has a pH of about 5.6; Acid rain has a pH less than 5.6 Sources: Industrial and Vehicle Emissions; Burning Coal Global Warming The gradual increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere due to increased amounts of greenhouse gases. Sources of Increased Greenhouse Gases: Burning of Fossil Fuels Habitat Destruction A natural habitat is damaged or destroyed; it is no longer capable of supporting the species that live there. Urbanization: Development of cities Invasive Species Non-native species that threaten ecosystems, habitats, or species What is a Pesticide? Chemical used to kill “pests” or unwanted organisms DDT – Pesticide introduced in the 1940s Used to control malaria, typhus, and for insect control in crop, livestock, homes, and gardens. *Biomagnification Increase in concentration of a substance in food chains