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Option C.1 –Species and Communities Understandings The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors. Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species. Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species (niche) Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect. Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical. The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors Abiotic: light, atmosphere, water, temp, salinity, soil conditions Biotic: other organisms – predator/prey, symbiosis, parasitism, competition (inter/intra specific) Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species. A keystone species is not necessarily the most abundant, but it has a large impact on the overall function of the ecosystem Keystone predators Keystone prey Keystone mutualists Keystone host Keystone modifiers Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species (niche) each species occupies a unique ecological niche that encompasses all aspects of its way of life type of habitat in which it lives, the environmental factors necessary for its survival, and the methods by which it acquires its nutrients define how the species exists within its ecosystem Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect. An ecological community consists of all the interacting populations in an ecosystem. The populations in a community interact in the following ways: Type of Interaction Effect on Species A Effect on Species B Competition between A and B Harms Harms Predation by A on B Benefits Harms Parasitism by A on B Benefits Harms Mutualism between A and B Benefits Benefits Competition Intraspecific between members of the same species in a population Interspecific between members of different species within a community Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical. P. aurelia P. caudatum (a) Grown in separate flasks (b) Grown in the same flask Competitive Exclusion What Is Symbiosis? an intimate, prolonged interaction between organisms of different species one species always benefits, but the second species may be unaffected, harmed, or helped commensalism: one species benefits and the other is unaffected parasitism: one species benefits and the other is harmed mutualism: both species benefit What Is Symbiosis? lichen is a mutualistism between an algae and a fungus, which appears to be a single organism. fungal body provides support and protection photosynthetic algae provides food What Is Symbiosis? Corals involve a symbiotic relationship between Zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae) and corals building cnidarians. What Are Predator–Prey Interactions? Predators and prey co-evolve. When a predator consumes its prey, one species benefits at the expense of another Parasites live on or inside their prey, or host, and feed on its body without necessarily killing it Herbivores are also predators that do not necessarily kill the prey on which they feed Option C.3 –Impacts of Humans on Ecosystems Understandings Introduced alien species can escape into local ecosystems and become invasive. Competitive exclusion and the absence of predators can lead to reduction in the numbers of endemic species when alien species become invasive. Pollutants become concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels by biomagnification. Macroplastic and microplastic debris has accumulated in marine environments (plastic video) Option C.4 –Conservation of Biodiversity Understandings An indicator species is an organism used to assess a specific environmental condition. Relative numbers of indicator species can be used to calculate the value of a biotic index. In situ conservation may require active management of nature reserves or national parks. Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitats. Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Richness and evenness are components of biodiversity.