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Krakow, 2-4 June 2005
“Digital Ecosystems”:
The Next Frontier for
SMEs and European
Local Regional Clusters?
EISCO’ 2005:
i2010 (eEurope): New Horizons,
New Tasks for Local
and Regional Governments
Gérald Santucci
European Commission – DG Information Society and Media
Head of Unit “ICT for Enterprise Networking“
Towards a Global Dynamic Competition
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More interrelations
More specialised resources
More R&D / innovation
Accessing to global value chain
Accessing to knowledge
How to reach the critical mass of resources?
Industrial District
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Growth Node
Virtual Cluster
Business Ecosystem
Different Views to Ecosystem Metaphor
•Biological Ecosystem
Tightly knit into a global continuum of energy and nutrients and organisms
– the biosphere.
Dynamic, constantly remaking themselves, reacting to natural disturbances
and to the competition among and between species.
•Industrial Ecosystem
Frosch and Gallopoulos, 1989
To bring the principles of sustainable development into all kinds of industrial
operations.
•Economy as an Ecosystem
Rothschild, 1990.
The basic mechanisms of economic change are remarkably similar with those
found in nature – main difference is speed.
Organisms and organisations are “nodes in networks of relationships”.
•Social Ecosystem
Mitleton-Kelly, 2003.
Organisations are co-evolving within a social ecosystem.
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Business Ecosystem
J.F. Moore, 1993 & 1996
Customers, lead producers, competitors, other stakeholders.
“The keystone species” influence the co-evolutionary processes.
Interaction (within a business ecosystem); decentralised decision-making and
self-organisation.
Core capabilities are exploited to produce the core product.
M. Iansiti and R. Levien, 2004
A large number of loosely interconnected participants who depend on each
other for their mutual effectiveness and survival.
Fragmentation, interconnectedness, co-operation, competition.
Three critical success factors: Productivity; Robustness; Nice creation.
Four different roles: Keystones; Niche players; Dominators; Hub landlords.
T. Power and G. Jerjian, 2001
A system of websites (“organisms”) occupying the World Wide Web
(habitat”), together with those aspects of the real world with which they
interact.
Becoming a networked business = changing everything that the company
does.
Four stakeholders: communities of shareholders; employees; businesses;
customers.
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Inter-organisational and Collective Strategies in
SMEs
Astley & Fombrun, 1983:
“Collective strategy is a systematic response by a set of organisations
that collaborate in order to absorb the variation present in their
environment”
• Gueguen & Pellegrin-Boucher, 2004
• Dialectics of competition strategies vs. co-operation strategies
• Co-evolution: more co-operation yet maintaining a high level of
competition
• Co-operation and competition are embedded in the “culture” of
business ecosystems
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A New Concept to Understand
Today’s Business “Collective Strategies”
Complex
interactions
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Business ecosystems
Game theory
Multipoint/multi-market competition
Simple
interactions
Pure & perfect competition
Homogeneous actors
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Imperfect competition
ENLARGEMENT
Heterogeneous actors
Increased complexity in
Business Networking
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Digital Ecosystem: the Vision
An approach promoted by DG INFSO-D/5
A “digital environment” populated by “digital species”
software components, applications, services, knowledge, business
models, training modules, contractual frameworks, laws, etc.
The environment enables species to behave like species in the
natural world
Interact
Express an independent behaviour
Evolve – or become extinct – following laws of market selection
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Digital Ecosystem: the Strategy
lead to
Growth
Competitiveness,
A commercial
market & internal
environment
efficiency
improve
where s/w developers,
improve
service providers and
catalyse
service users can trade
Co-operation &
ICTs
profitably and
innovation networks
improve
competitively on
shape
a new ‘Common Land’
support
encourage
make
viable
New organisational
& business models
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provide
resources
“Digital Ecosystem
Infrastructure”
Biology
& foster
Open Source
enhances
Evolutionary
infrastructure
supports
supports
Policy
Economic growth in the knowledge based economy
requires a broad deployment and use of ICT by
enterprises and public institutions
The Key Actors: SMEs
19 million enterprises in Europe
99.7% are SMEs, 93% are micro (< 10
employees)
ICT skills usually from outsiders
Providing SMEs with customised ICT
applications & services for improving their
efficiency (through process and
organisational integration) and for extending
their business beyond local barriers
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The Key Actors: ICT-related Organisations
System integrators
Service providers
Software component developers
Open source communities
Open systems developers
Enabling these organisations to keep and
preserve their knowledge and the possibility
develop/integrate ICT-based applications
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to
The Key Actors: Regions
From traditional rural economy to e-economy
Connectivity  high-speed fibre-optic telecom network; wireless in
areas where cable is uneconomic
Digital literacy  ICT-enabled social and entrepreneurial activities
Promoting regional economic growth, competitiveness and
employment
Rejuvenating industrial areas through adoption of distributed,
networked and open systems
Networking of SMEs and experimenting with new services and new
business models
Synergies with the Structural Funds
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Digital Ecosystem and Regions
Support of
regional
research-driven
clusters
associating
universities,
research centres,
enterprises and
regional
authorities
Technical
Infrastructure
Governance
&
Industrial
Policy
Human Capital,
Knowledge &
Practices
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Legal Framework
& Financial
Conditions
Digital Ecosystem: the General Architecture
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Digital Ecosystem: the General Architecture
Knowledge-Based Economy
Socio-economic
knowledge
Business Ecosystems and Regional Economies
Formalisation of
Knowledge
(F.Languages)
Semantics of
services
Basic Models and Services
Network
Infrastructure
Business rules,
Regulatory Framework
Syntax of economic
behaviour
Digital Ecosystem Structure
Digital Ecosystem
Open-source service-oriented architecture
DBE
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Looking Ahead
IST-FP6 Call 5 “ICT for Networked Businesses”
Digital business ecosystems for SMEs
Open-source distributed self-adaptive environment and models enabling SMEs to co-operate
for design, development of flexible and adaptable components interoperable with
proprietary systems
Support of spontaneous composition, sharing distribution of business solutions and
knowledge
IST in FP7
Technology Pillar “Software, Grids, security and dependability”
Application Pole “ICT supporting business and industry”
New forms of dynamic networked co-operative business processes, digital ecosystems
i2010
Take-up of ICT  an integrated policy on e-business giving special attention to SMEs
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i2010 – What is different from eEurope?
 Convincing evidence of the positive effects of ICT
 e.g. SMEs to take up ICT, and more investment in R&D
 ICT world is more mature and global => from a pilot
phase to wide deployment
 Covers the whole chain of EU Information Society and
Media policies
 Regulation, research and deployment
 Emphasis on convergence, networking, content,
public services and quality of life
 New ways to implement
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Conclusions
The business environment tends to become truly “knowledgecentric” instead of “document-centric”
Clustering/networking of SMEs, CRM and SCM solutions
Business performance of SMEs throughout lifecycle
Effecting collaborative content/knowledge creation
Increasing the effectiveness of SMEs’ valuable business asset –
knowledge
Digital Business Ecosystem to become the Internet’s new ‘Common
Land’
Knowledge is a ‘good’ augmented by its use and consumption
Like the Internet itself, no one owns or controls knowledge
The open road to the Lisbon goals through i2010
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