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Trends in Land Degradation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Arusha, Tanzania, 11-15 Dec. 2006 Dr. Fernando Santibañez Center on Agriculture and Environment (AGRIMED) University of Chile Some facts about Latin America and the Caribberan One of the biggest reserves for new cultivable area The greatest reserve of fresh water in the world The richest reserve of plant and animal species One thirth of the forests of the world Some of the less disturbed biomes in the world Due to its interaction with Antactic waters, has the highest marine biodiversity Emisiones industriales Debido al cambio de uso de la tierra Overgrazing Erosion Climate drivers Human drivers Soil denudation Mining Charcoal Global changes Slope cultivation How climate change is affecting this continent? Climatic drivers for land degradation Changes in Minimum temperatures in the Western side of Los Andes Present climate (anual ΣT-10º) + 1.8 ºC 2*CO2 Year (month) 2001 1999 1997 1995 1993 1987 1985 1983 1982 1977 1975 1972 1970 1968 1966 1963 1960 1957 1955 1953 1948 Temperature ºC T Max-Min in Copiapó (Chile) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1948 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1959 1960 1961 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1975 1976 1977 1978 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Hours Winter Chilling hours (Copiapo) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Tyear Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre Annual rainfal Pr e cipitación A n u al (mm) (me dia móvil- 30 añ os) Concepción 1930-2002 1340,0 1260,0 1180,0 1100,0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Año year 1985 1990 1995 2000 Fournier index Indice Modificado de Fournier La Serena 210 180 IMF 150 120 90 60 30 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1945 1940 1935 1930 0 Año year Indice Modificado de Fournier Vicuña 240 210 180 120 90 60 30 Año year 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1945 1940 1935 0 1930 IFM 150 Precipitation Increase 2*CO2 Warm Amazonian Higher climatic variability Polar Andean Precipitation decrease Cold Patagonian steppes Temperate The most remarcable expected modifications How human activity is affecting this continent? The human drivers Land use / Human activities Marginal lands good lands Poverty intensive agriculture Unsound practices due to lack of technology unsound practices due to the lack of environmental considerations. Plan cover removal and forest fires soil compaction salination chemical deterioration flooding slope cultivation overgrazing soil erosion decay of soil productivity AGRI DESERTI The LAC degradation cycle afforestation urbanization mining natural restoration Population pressure H L Climate change pressure M ES Warm LS LS LS Andean altiplano HH Cold Chaco HH HL M Atacama desert LL ES NE Catinga Dry Pampas HL ES Patagonian steppes HL Rain Forest HH M ES ES ES Sclerophylus forest HH Temperate forest HH sub antarctic Tundra LH Humid Dry Present situation of the main LAC Biomes Guayaquil 1985 Guayaquil 2000 Iguazú 1973 Iguazú 2000 Rondonia 1975 Rondonia 2000 Santa Cruz 1975 Santa Cruz 2000 UNIT UNITED NATIONALENVIRONMENTAL PROGR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL LATIN FACILITYAMERICAN MONITOR STRUCTU RE EDITOR STATISTICAL MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS DATA BASE FILTERS DESERTIFICATION INDICATORS TIME MODELS SIMULATOR MODELS MAPPING TOOLS MAPS POVERTY = INCOME + HEALTH + EDUCATION USERS DEFINED TIME TRENDS CHANGE SCENARIOS THEMATIC LAYERS ALGORITHMS Monitor development Pilot areas UNEP/GEF Erosion Unsound agricultural practices Salination Soil fertility deterioration Contamination Irrigation with saline water Compaction Soil exposure to precipitation Loss of OM Soil Contamination Inefficient irrigation Solid deposition Slope cultivation Mining Physical destruction Degree of erosion Degree of salination Level of Pollution Degree of compaction OM content Loss of agricultural lands MONITOR Structure Editor Histograms Database Filters Maps Matrices Maps Indicators Tendencies x2 Standards Maps Scenarios Projects Mexico Chile Biodiversity Brazil Mapas no a escala Clearly, the war against desertification is won or lost at the local level Fos this, we need to connect actors having diverse capacities. Research Participation Action Policy Major symptoms of desertification in LAC 1. Loss of native vegetation 2. High topsoil erosion rate 3. Declining groundwater tables 4. Salinization of topsoil and water 5. Reduction of surface water All of these symptoms show negative trends Slope cultivation Overgrazing Habitat fragmentation Deforestation Soils LAC has originally 6.93 millions Km2 of forests, it has been reduced at present to 3.66. The continent loss near 15.000 Km2 of forest every year 306 millions hectares are moderate or intense degradation Irrigated lands are about 15 millions hectares, the most part of them show simptoms of soil degradation 20% of physical surface is already degraded …are we waiting for more? Biodiversity The region contains 40 per cent of the plant and animal species of the planet. The biota of all LAC countries are threatened. Brazil has the second largest number of threatened bird species (103 species) in the world, and Peru and Colombia occupy the fifth place with 64 species each A third of Chilean vertebrates are threatened Brazil also has 71 threatened mammal species (the fourth highest in the world). More than 50 per cent of Argentinean mammals and birds are also threatened. Areas with large numbers of threatened birds tend also to have large numbers of threatened mammals. Will our economies continue to grow based on environmental subsidies? Will we halt this tendency before a real catastrophe? Who will pay for…the crisis….the equilibrium? Will the agriculture be able to take a relevant role to prevent future (ecological, energy, water) crisis? Will we have enough capacity to adapt to new planetary situations? (this imply restrictions, opportunities and decision)
