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21st Century Aquaculture from empirical farming towards a knowledge-based biotechnology Patrick Sorgeloos Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center ARC alumni - September 17, 2009 FISH: source of proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, ... • Oceans are deserts • 60% of fishery resources over-fished or at risk ! from FAO Fertilising and feeding carp ponds in China polyculture chicken / fish farming polyculture aqua / agriculture Predictable availability of fry, fingerlings, postlarvae, seed, spores, ... Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions wild broodstock spawners wild eggs sperm embryos wild wild larvae fry postlarvae seed stocking ongrowing market market Asia, esp. China – long history large production FOOD aquaculture Recent developments successful new industry BUSINESS aquaculture biology technology profitability BUSINESS aquaculture Aquaculture Systems: cages Aquaculture Systems: ponds Courtesy Nutreco Photo Azim Photo Schneider Courtesy Harache Aquaculture Systems: tanks Courtesy Harache Aquaculture Systems: indoor systems Photo Schneider Photo Schrama Photo Eding Photo Schneider World salmon production per country others Thousand tonnes Japan 1400 Australia 1200 USA Ireland 1000 Faeroe Islands 800 Canada Scotland 600 Chile 400 Norway 200 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 from FAO Pangasius catfish in Vietnam > 1,000,000 tons/year Pangasius farming in Vietnam surface area production yield Taiwan Ecuador Pond farming of Penaeid shrimp annual production yiels 600 500 Annual yield(10 3 ton) 500 380 400 340 286 300 232 172 200 100 41.5 17.5 31.2 60 80 100 0 Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Year Scallop farming Mussel farming Red and brown algae farming in China fish 30 mT (55% in value) crustaceans 4 mT (20% in value) molluscs 14 mT (15 % in value) seaweeds 14 mT (10% in value) aquaculture production by species & environment Marine Freshwater 31.2 Mt 27.8 Mt Brackish 3.8Mt Aquatic plants from FAO Crustaceans Fish Other Molluscs Global Aquatic Production million metric tons 160 Total 140 120 100 Fisheries 80 60 Aquaculture 40 20 9.7 % 0 80 85 Human Consumption of Fish: 1990: 13 kg / person 2000: >16 kg / person 90 year 95 2000 34.1% or 42.8 million ton in 2001 48 % in 2005 or >60 million ton FAO, 2009 from FAO Trade flows of aquatic products into Europe in US$ millions, c.i.f.; averages for 2004–06 Europe imports >60 % of its aquatic foodstuffs from FAO “Aquaculture is probably the fastest growing foodproducing sector, and currently accounts for almost 50% of the world’s food fish and is perceived as having the greatest potential to meet the growing demand for aquatic food.” “Given the projected population growth over the next two decades, it is estimated that by 2030 at least an additional 40 million tons/year of aquatic food will be required to maintain the current per caput consumption.” stagnant capture fisheries INCREASED MARKET DEMAND environmental problems? human health risks? sustainable? more responsible farming ! INCREASED aquaculture production Priorities for future aquaculture: from empiricial farming towards a knowledge-based bio-industry Aquaculture: the blue biotechnology of the future ? Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • • • • • • • Species selection, biodiversity issues, market demands, etc. herbivorous species diversification highly recommended ! market demands ? ! health risks ? Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication • • • • • Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions broodstock spawners wild eggs sperm embryos wild wild larvae fry postlarvae seed hatchery wild - algae - rotifers - artemia stocking ongrowing market extensive intensive Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication •development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding • wild stock domesticated stock genetic improvement breeding program genetic variation • • • • • • disease resistance growth rate size / quality feed conversion fecundity ease of domestication breeding objectives Marine fish larviculture in the Mediterranean • • • • annual production of 1 billion fry production cost 15 Euro cents a piece average survival 20 % by day 60 low survival = critical bottleneck for future cost efficiency and sustainability of the industry • microbial interference considered to be the main culprit • no selected breeds available yet Predictable & cost-effective availability of high-quality fry, fingerlings, postlarvae, seed, spores, ... disease free certified seed disease resistant Larviculture research Macrobrachium rosenbergii Turbot Penaeid shrimp Sea bass Oyster veliger Mud crab : Scylla spp. The magic of the green-water technique microbial control water quality conditioning Need for innovative microbial management systems Micro Algae Feeds/Feeds Quorum sensing compounds analysis Pathogenic bacteria Probiotic bacteria Heat-shock proteins Immunostimulants Antimicrobial Peptides Gnotobiotic modeltest Artemia Artemia systems system system Performance Qual/Quant Quantitative analysis analysis of of the thebacterial bacterial composition community Host gene expression analysis Marker genes Biochemical analysis e.g. antimicrobial substances Fish and shellfish larvae validation How to study host-microbial interactions? host simplification MC host environment reality? complex known microorganisms gnotobiotic Gnotobiotic sea bass test system to study host-microbial interactions s urvival (%) Effect of light stress on survival of xenic sea bass larvae 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 dark axenic light dark xenic light 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 time (day) Axenic sea bass larvae are not sensitive to light stress UGent Aquaculture R&D Consortium (partners in the study of microbial management systems) Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Animal Production - P. Sorgeloos en P. Bossier Biochemical and Microbial Technology – W. Verstraete and N. Boon Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Morphology – W. Van den Broeck Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases – A. Decostere Virology, Parasitology and Immunology – H. Nauwynck Faculty of Sciences Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology – P. Vandamme and P. De Vos Biology – D. Adriaens and W. Vijverman Molecular Genetics – D. Inzé, Frank Van Breusegem Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication • development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding • more microbial management for more sustainable production • • • 70 % of all farmed fish are produced in ponds Bio flocs What is the role of the microflora ? Recent documentation: 30 % N contribution from bio flocs ! Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication • development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding • more microbial management for more sustainable production better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control • • • • environment DISEASE TREATMENT (antibiotics) consumer DISEASE PREVENTION DISEASE CONTROL preventive measures GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ° water quality ° aeration ° seed ° stress ° feeds ° effluent treatment SINGLE AND DUAL EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF SPECIFIC PATHOGEN-FREE Litopenaeus vannamei SHRIMP WITH WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS AND VIBRIO SPECIES PhD Le Hong Phuoc Vibrios Unstressed shrimp Vibrios No mortality Stressed shrimp Mortality Role of stress factors Vibrios Non-compromised shrimp Vibrios No mortality WSSV-compromised shrimp Mortality Role of other pathogens Polymicrobial diseases in the field Conclusions & Recommendations for Shrimp Farms • use SPF strains (also in research) • apply strict biosecurity • control vibriosis Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication • development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding • more microbial management for more sustainable production • better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control • more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries management • RESTOCKING • juvenile fitness • releasing strategies • impact on wild stocks Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication • development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding • more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries management • better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control • more microbial management for more sustainable production • more polyculture systems especially in coastal and off-shore farms, integrating different niches of the ecosystem (fish, shellfish and seaweeds) and maximizing nutrient recycling • FOOD aquaculture BUSINESS aquaculture EXTRACTIVE aquaculture nutrient recycling FED aquaculture FOOD aquaculture BUSINESS aquaculture polyculture intensify Integrated farming of marine fish (cage), seaweeds and molluscs (longlines & lantern nets) > 5 km Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication • development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding • more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries management • better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control • more microbial management for more sustainable production • more polyculture systems especially in coastal and off-shore farms, integrating different niches of the ecosystem (fish, shellfish and seaweeds) and maximizing nutrient recycling • full independence from fisheries stocks for lipid and protein ingredients in aquatic feeds The fish meal / fish oil contradiction ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN / LIPID SOURCES plant protein soybean corn gluten wheat oats barley rendered products human health concern? meat, bone & blood meal poultry by-products meal single-cell protein /oil recovery protein /oil seafood processing fisheries by-catch disease risks? SUBSTITUTION / SUPPLEMENTATION essential amino acids n-3 and n-6 fatty acids microbial products genetically-engineered ? antibiotics pesticides quality concerns Meer omega-3 in dieet = meer vis omega-3 FA (EPA&DHA) Positive to health Fish consumption Nutritionaltoxicological conflict contaminants Negative to health Mercury PCBs Dioxins Risico met visserij NIET met aquacultuur China AquaFishNet China Society of Fisheries ViFINET NACA Asian Fisheries Society • FAO/NACA Aquaculture certification • facilitated contacts between the FAO/NACA initiative and GAA, EUREPGAP, Thai Marine Shrimp Association… • Thailand Department of Fisheries & Thai Frozen Foods Association • offered networking services and contacts for info session on Thai quality assurance programs at Seafood Brussels 2007 and 2008 • Pangasius farming in Vietnam – export to Europe • facilitated contacts between NACA, WWF Vietnam’s PAD, Research Institute of Aquaculture nr 2, Can Tho University and Marine Harvest Pieters IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING • what is VIFINET • Vietnamese Fisheries and Aquaculture Institutes Network • establishment in 2005 facilitated by major ASEM Aquaculture Platform members (Ghent, Wageningen & Trondheim Universities) • unites 4 universities and 4 research institutes CHINA Hanoi •Haiphong LAOS • objective • to promote collaboration among aquaculture education and research institutions in Vietnam • Hue CAMBODIA • activities related to VIFINET • Best Management Practice in shrimp culture Nha Trang • • Training Facility project (Belgian Embassy funding) Ho Chi Minh City • WAS Asian-Pacific Chapter conference ’07 in Hanoi • • Pangasius Aquaculture Dialogue (PAD) by WWF & NACA Can Tho IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING • what is China AquaFishNet • consortium of leading 5 Chinese universities and 5 research institutes • establishment facilitated by major ASEM Aquaculture Platform members (Ghent, Wageningen & Trondheim Universities) • objective • to promote collaboration among aquaculture education and research institutions in China • planned activities • exchange of students and staff between the China and Europe (practical training and/or course modules) • develop a priority list of joint research topics (→ joint FP7 projects) • make bilateral agreements for PhD study collaboration •… 75% = water Training & extension Mozambique, VAIS Kenya, VLIR EI Crater Lakes in W-Uganda salt (extraction) lakes freshwater lakes www.aquaculture.ugent.be