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GHSGT Science Review Day 1-Biology Mrs. M. Davis Mrs. K. Rigdon GHSGT Science Review—2006 Animal Cell GHSGT Science Review—2006 Plant Cell GHSGT Science Review—2006 Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable internal environment, by regulating substances traveling into and out of the cell. GHSGT Science Review—2006 Passive Transport Osmosis = the unregulated movement of water across the cell membrane Does not require energy to take place Cellular response in 3 types of solutions: – Isotonic = same conc. materials as the cytoplasm – Hypertonic = greater conc. of materials than the cytoplasm – Hypotonic = lesser conc. of materials than the cytoplasm GHSGT Science Review—2006 Examples—Animal cell GHSGT Science Review—2006 Example—Plant Cell GHSGT Science Review—2006 Organic Compounds Carbohydrates = used for short-term storage of energy and fuel (converted to ATP) Fats = used for long-term storage of energy and fuel (also eventually converted to ATP) Proteins = used for growth and repair of cells and tissues. Many proteins function as enzymes, allowing physiological reactions to occur (no reaction = NO LIFE!) Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) = store information for reproduction of cells GHSGT Science Review—2006 DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid shape = twisted ladder (double helix) – Backbone (sides of ladder) = alternating sugars and phosphates – Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases (C, G, A, and T) GHSGT Science Review—2006 DNA vs. RNA DNA = A, T, G, C, double helix – A bonds to T, G bonds to C RNA = A, U, G, C, single strand – RNA bonds to DNA to read the genetic code – A bonds to U, G bonds to C GHSGT Science Review—2006 DNA Replication Replication = DNA copies itself during mitosis, meiosis GHSGT Science Review—2006 DNA Replication con’t. GHSGT Science Review—2006 Genetics Gene = sequence of 3 base pairs in DNA, controls traits in all living things Can be one of two types (alleles): – Dominant = always expressed in phenotype – Recessive = only expressed when there is no dominant gene present Homozygous = 2 of the same allele (RR, rr) Heterozygous = 1 of each type of allele (Rr) GHSGT Science Review—2006 Genetic Crosses R r Punnett Square = R RR Rr 3 red (RR, Rr) allows prediction of traits in offspring from r Rr rr : 1 white (rr) parent’s known traits RT Rt rT rt Monohybrid cross = shows offspring that RT RRTT RRTt RrTT RrTt would results from 2 Rt RRTt RRtt RrTt Rrtt heterozygous parents for 1 trait rT RrTT RrTt rrTT rrTt Dihybrid cross = 2 rt RrTt Rrtt rrTt rrtt parents heterozygous 9 red/tall : 3 red/short : for 2 traits 3 white/tall : 1 white/short GHSGT Science Review—2006 Cellular Reproduction Mitosis -somatic (body) cell reproduction -conserves original chromosome number (diploid) -produces daughter cell identical to parent -Interphase is a period between cell divisions for resting & growth. GHSGT Science Review—2006 Cellular Reproduction Meiosis – occurs in reproductive organs – produces gametes (sex cells) containing ½ the chromosome number (haploid) of the parent cell – requires two cell divisions in order to reduce original chromosome number by ½ (haploid) GHSGT Science Review—2006 Classification Taxonomy = study of how organisms are named and classified. System is from most general to most specific: Kingdom PhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies “King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti.” Binomial Nomenclature = scientific name for organism; consists of Latin genus & species designations ex: humans = Homo sapiens GHSGT Science Review—2006 Crossing Over crossing over = varies the genetic information of the offspring GHSGT Science Review—2006 Five Kingdoms Mushrooms, Yeast Athlete’s foot Bread Mold Euglena, paramecium Bacteria, virus blue-green algae GHSGT Science Review—2006 Biomes (Ecology) Aquatic = marine (saltwater) and freshwater – Majority of world’s oxygen produced by phytoplankton here Terrestrial (from coldest to warmest) – – – – – Tundra = temp never above zero Taiga = coniferous forest (think Canada) Grassland = prairies and savannah Desert = arid (very dry) Temperate = deciduous forest (trees lose leaves) Think Georgia! – Tropical = Rain forest, lots of rain, 80 degrees GHSGT Science Review—2006 Biomes GHSGT Science Review—2006 Resources Non-Renewable = any resource that is used faster than it can be replaced – Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) – Metal ores (copper, aluminum, iron) – Building materials (rock, such as granite, limestone, sandstone, marble) Renewable = any resource that can be continually replaced or used – Solar/wind/geothermal/nuclear energy – Plants and animals (biomass) GHSGT Science Review—2006 Communities Niche = role an organism plays in its environment Habitat = where the organism lives Feeding Relationships – Producers: • Autotrophs = makes its own food (plants) • Heterotrophs = must obtain food elsewhere (animals) – Consumers: • Herbivore = eats autotrophs • Carnivore = eats herbivores • Decomposer = breaks down organisms • Omnivore = eats everything above Predation = one organism kills another in order to consume them for energy (animal-animal relationship) GHSGT Science Review—2006 Communities, con’t. Living relationships – Commensalism = one organism benefits, the other is unaffected – Mutualism = both organisms benefit – Parasitism = one organism benefits, the other is harmed • Kudzu is a parasite In 2000, the City of Tallahassee implemented a program that uses sheep to “mob-graze” kudzu, an efficient and effective method of eliminating the invasive vine. The program is saving hundreds of acres of native plants and trees from destruction without using pesticides or heavy labor. GHSGT Science Review—2006 Energy Flow (Ecosystem) GHSGT Science Review—2006