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GHSGT
Science Review
Day 1-Biology
Mrs. M. Davis
Mrs. K. Rigdon
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Animal Cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Plant Cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal
environment, by regulating substances
traveling into and out of the cell.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Passive Transport
Osmosis = the unregulated movement of
water across the cell membrane
 Does not require energy to take place
 Cellular response in 3 types of solutions:

– Isotonic = same conc. materials as the cytoplasm
– Hypertonic = greater conc. of materials than the
cytoplasm
– Hypotonic = lesser conc. of materials than the
cytoplasm
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Examples—Animal cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Example—Plant Cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates = used for short-term
storage of energy and fuel (converted to
ATP)
 Fats = used for long-term storage of energy
and fuel (also eventually converted to ATP)
 Proteins = used for growth and repair of
cells and tissues. Many proteins function as
enzymes, allowing physiological reactions to
occur (no reaction = NO LIFE!)
 Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) = store
information for reproduction of cells

GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA


DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
shape = twisted ladder (double helix)
– Backbone (sides of ladder) = alternating sugars
and phosphates
– Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases (C, G, A, and T)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA vs. RNA

DNA = A, T, G, C,
double helix
– A bonds to T, G
bonds to C

RNA = A, U, G, C,
single strand
– RNA bonds to
DNA to read the
genetic code
– A bonds to U, G
bonds to C
GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA Replication

Replication = DNA copies itself during
mitosis, meiosis
GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA Replication con’t.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Genetics


Gene = sequence of 3
base pairs in DNA,
controls traits in all
living things
Can be one of two types
(alleles):
– Dominant = always
expressed in phenotype
– Recessive = only
expressed when there is
no dominant gene
present


Homozygous = 2 of
the same allele (RR, rr)
Heterozygous = 1 of
each type of allele (Rr)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Genetic Crosses



R
r
Punnett Square =
R RR Rr 3 red (RR, Rr)
allows prediction of
traits in offspring from r Rr rr : 1 white (rr)
parent’s known traits
RT Rt rT rt
Monohybrid cross =
shows offspring that
RT RRTT RRTt RrTT RrTt
would results from 2
Rt RRTt RRtt RrTt Rrtt
heterozygous parents
for 1 trait
rT RrTT RrTt rrTT rrTt
Dihybrid cross = 2
rt RrTt Rrtt rrTt rrtt
parents heterozygous
9 red/tall : 3 red/short :
for 2 traits
3 white/tall : 1 white/short
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Cellular Reproduction

Mitosis
-somatic (body)
cell reproduction
-conserves original
chromosome
number (diploid)
-produces
daughter cell
identical to parent
-Interphase is a
period between
cell divisions for
resting & growth.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Cellular Reproduction

Meiosis
– occurs in reproductive organs
– produces gametes
(sex cells)
containing ½ the
chromosome
number (haploid)
of the parent cell
– requires two cell
divisions in order to
reduce original
chromosome
number by ½
(haploid)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Classification
Taxonomy = study of how
organisms are named and
classified.
 System is from most general
to most specific: Kingdom
PhylumClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
“King Phillip Comes Over
For Great Spaghetti.”
 Binomial Nomenclature =
scientific name for organism;
consists of Latin genus &
species designations
ex: humans = Homo sapiens

GHSGT Science Review—2006
Crossing Over

crossing over = varies the genetic
information of the offspring
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Five Kingdoms
Mushrooms,
Yeast
Athlete’s foot
Bread Mold
Euglena,
paramecium
Bacteria, virus
blue-green algae
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Biomes (Ecology)

Aquatic = marine (saltwater) and freshwater
– Majority of world’s oxygen produced by
phytoplankton here

Terrestrial (from coldest to warmest)
–
–
–
–
–
Tundra = temp never above zero
Taiga = coniferous forest (think Canada)
Grassland = prairies and savannah
Desert = arid (very dry)
Temperate = deciduous forest (trees lose leaves)
Think Georgia!
– Tropical = Rain forest, lots of rain, 80 degrees
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Biomes
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Resources

Non-Renewable = any resource that is
used faster than it can be replaced
– Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
– Metal ores (copper, aluminum, iron)
– Building materials (rock, such as granite,
limestone, sandstone, marble)

Renewable = any resource that can be
continually replaced or used
– Solar/wind/geothermal/nuclear energy
– Plants and animals (biomass)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Communities


Niche = role an organism plays in its environment
Habitat = where the organism lives
Feeding Relationships
– Producers:
• Autotrophs = makes its own food (plants)
• Heterotrophs = must obtain food elsewhere
(animals)
– Consumers:
• Herbivore = eats autotrophs
• Carnivore = eats herbivores
• Decomposer = breaks down organisms
• Omnivore = eats everything above
 Predation = one organism kills another in order to consume
them for energy (animal-animal relationship)

GHSGT Science Review—2006
Communities, con’t.

Living relationships
– Commensalism = one organism benefits, the
other is unaffected
– Mutualism = both organisms benefit
– Parasitism = one organism benefits, the other is
harmed
• Kudzu is a parasite
In 2000, the City of Tallahassee implemented a program that uses sheep to “mob-graze” kudzu, an
efficient and effective method of eliminating the invasive vine. The program is saving hundreds of
acres of native plants and trees from destruction without using pesticides or heavy labor.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Energy Flow (Ecosystem)
GHSGT Science Review—2006