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Ecosystem Management Dartmoor National Park, England Chalk Grassland Chalk Grassland Chalk Grassland Chalk Grassland Aldo Leopold (on left) and forest service crew in 1911 in Arizona Snags and other dead wood Adaptive Management Yellow-eyed Penguin and Breeding Sites Hooker’s or New Zealand Sea Lion Keys to Reserve Management Once a reserve is established, the job has only begun – 5 major factors must be managed to maintain reserve populations: 1. Human visitors 2. Natural disturbances 3. Water regimes 4. Exotic species and overabundant natives 5. Balancing human needs with reserve needs National Park Entrances - Yellowstone 1940’s & Yosemite today Yosemite National Park – Hikers on Half Dome Yosemite National Park – Air Pollution Yosemite National Park - smoke from forest fires 2012 Natural Disturbances and Succession 1988 Yellowstone Fire Aerial Photo of Yellowstone Fire 1988 Carbonton Dam, Deep River, NC Elwha River – Olympic National Park Elwha River Dam Removal Tamarisk or salt cedar Tamarisk study and removal Humpback Chub Endangered – about 7650 live in Grand Canyon Glen Canyon Dam Release Glen Canyon Dam Release 2013 Grand Canyon Sand Bar Restoration • http://www.gcmrc.gov/gis/sandbartour2013/ index.html Grand Canyon Burro Removal Mountain Goat - Oreamnos americanus Distribution of Mountain Goats The Olympic Mountain endemics Campanula piperi (bellflower; upper) and Viola flettii (Flett's violet) occupy rock crevices in the subalpine and alpine zones of the Olympic Mountains. The bellflower is known to be eaten by mountain goats (photos from NPS). Mountain Goat Movements in Olympic National Park Mountain Goat Removals Mountain Goat Population Trends Mountain Goat Distribution 2011 Mountain Goat Olympic National Park Brazilian Pepper Tree Brazilian Pepper tree in Florida Brazilian Pepper Tree in the Everglades Rat predation in New Zealand Rat Trap New Zealand UNESCO – Man and Biosphere Reserve Model UNEP – REDD+ • Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an effort to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. “REDD+” goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Key activities that must be monitored and perhaps eliminated in a reserve • Commercial harvesting of game and fish • Intensive harvesting of natural plant products • Logging and farming • Use and occurrence of fire • Recreational activities