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Arctic Ocean Diversity ArcOD Regional focus – three environments: biodiversity in the Arctic sea ice, water column and sea floor from the shallow shelves to the deep basins Strategy: Compilation of existing data, taxonomic identification of existing samples, new collections focusing on taxonomic & regional gaps. Global Scope of Project - Pan-Arctic - Across realms - Protists, Invertebrates & Fish - recent extension into sub-Arctic - Comparison to CAML 2007 Scientific Results Tidbits Linking diversity to ecosystem functioning: 3 current examples (unpubl.) -16 14 -17 d 13C -18 14 15 12 13 11 -19 -20 -21 -22 D13C 6.4 10 7 8 9 12 13 15 3 6 7 8 11 4 10 9 2 5 D13C 3.2 1 56 34 2 Linkages between habitats: ice algae control light (Gradinger in press) -23 -24 1 -25 St. 6 ACW St. 10 AW Comparing ecosystem structure – environment (Iken et al.) More than presence data needed GIS modeling based on ArcOD data: Metridia longa, Rutzen et al. 2007 Scientific Results Biological implications of Arctic warming Immigration of new species Abundance total amphipods Refugia for Arctic taxa Changes on community level 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Sirenko et al. 0 Bottom Bottom Ridge floe ridge side Top ridge Gradinger, Iken, Bluhm in prep Sirenko et al. Gradinger, Iken, Bluhm Grebmeier et al. 2006 Arctic Diversity Current inventory invertebrates: ~ 5,000 fishes: ~ 400 microalgae: >400 macroalgae: ~? (NAGISA) New species Discovered in ArcOD: ~ 30 To be discovered: few macro, several meio, many micro New species New species Distribution Euaugaptilus hyperboreus Origin of species: Pacific - Atlantic - Arctic/ endemisms? Least known regions/urgent questions: Diversity of deep sea regions AND Change of ranges as a result of climate change and variability Kosobokova et al. 2007 Abundance/Biomass Pigment content (mg/m2) There is no such thing as THE Arctic: - Strong gradients on all trophic levels in all habitats - Great variability within shelves & basins - Less known: gradients at central ridges, seeps? Chukchi Shelf 350 Grebmeier et al. 2006 Slope phaeo (mg/m2) chl (mg/m2) 300 250 200 150 100 Kolga hyalina Chukchi Cap, MacDonald et al. in prep 50 0 Spring 2002 Gradinger in press Steps Toward Project Synthesis - understand linkages between small-scale / intermediate structure and species/community - capture full range of abundance & distribution e.g.: sea ice pressure ridges, sea floor depressions, ocean fronts (global phenomenon) o Temperatureo( C) Latitude N 67.2 0 67.4 67.6 67.8 68 68.2 5.5 -10 Depth (m) 4.5 -20 3.5 -30 2.5 -40 1.5 -50 0.5 -0.5 Bluhm et al. in press Combine community analysis GIS modeling Steps Toward Realm Synthesis Data integration (ongoing): - Collaboration on pan-Arctic scale - joint data base - input through minigrant process Metridia longa, Rutzen et al. Kosobokova et al. 2007 Final product: Manuscripts (Special issue in 2008/09), symposia (2009), book (2010) Data Synthesis Arctic – Antarctic Synthesis approach in book project Services of a habitat and its associated flora and fauna for all stakeholders Book about sea ice services to be published in 2008/2009 - Heat budget, coastal erosion, oceanography -Native subsistence hunt -Biodiversity -Beauty (Tourism) -Resource exploration -Will have DVD with video clips produced by group of arts students joining us in the field Visualization & Communication Iconic graph: Prognostic biodiversity modeling based on Arctic warming impacts aim: identify regions of maximum likelihood of diversity change Similar to: ACIA 2005 report Visualization & Communication What are 1-2 additional “iconic” graphics summarizing the work of your project or realm that might be considered for the 2010 Synthesis? - Map of current Arctic diversity patterns -Map of sampling effort in the Arctic -Map all ship tracks ever conducting scientific sampling in the Arctic Science Impact 3 major scientific achievements of your project - species data from past and current Arctic marine research projects incl. IPY made available - improved taxonomy of Arctic groups (Publication of taxonomic keys) - Student training New species Expected Societal Impact Baselines for … climate warming … oil and gas exploration … opening of shipping routes … ALL stakeholders Project Data Available in OBIS The ArcOD data legacy: GBIF/AOOS records: 20570 OBIS records: 3238 How much of that is new this year? Almost all Total records available one year from now: >80,000 Species and depth coverage of the data. Nearshore to >3000 m Fishes, zoobenthos, zooplankton, sea ice fauna To come: phytoplankton, sea ice algae (>20,000 records) Education & Outreach Ocean Hall 2008 IPY calendar Paintings, seminars, Images, Student training Next Steps Until 2009: continue current data production 2009/2010: Pan-Arctic Analysis as outlined before Beyond 2010: Establish and continue biological monitoring of Arctic seas on Pan-Arctic scale – involve ALL stakeholders Phytoplankton Ice algae Phytoplankton Ice algae Sea birds Zooplankton Zooplankton Minke Bowhead Diving ducks Benthos Walrus Gray whale Bearded seal Demersal fish Pelagic fish Benthos Modified from Carroll and Carroll 2003 Biological Monitoring Effort in Europe Limits to Knowledge Limits: Same old story: vastness of area, inaccessibility (logistical, political), current focus on processes, lack of taxonomists Solutions: Barcoding, disappearing summer sea ice, ice breakers, ocean observing systems, imaging techniques, Involve public and industry Acknowledgments • Funding: DFG, NOAA, NSF, RAS, Sloan F, and others • Photo credit: Bluhm, Gradinger, Hopcroft, Iken, Raskoff, Rogacheva, ROV Global Explorer