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Ecology : Populations Compare Exponential & Linear Population Growth ***Unlimited Resources allow for this type of growth*** 1. Exponential: a. The population multiplies by the same number every week/month/year. b. If a population has a constant birth rate through time and is never limited by food or disease c. Occurs when number of organisms increases rapidly d. Produces J-shaped curve on graph 2. Linear: a. The population adds the same number every week/month/year. b. Shows slow steady growth c. Birth & death rates are equal d. Produces straight line on graph **Limited Resources cause this type of growth** Limits to growth • Limiting factors- a factor that causes population growth to decrease – Density independent: Usually are abiotic in nature; Any factor in the environment that does NOT depend on the members in a population per unit area. Drought, Human disturbances – Density dependent: Are usually biotic in nature; Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area. Competition, Predation,Parasitism, Disease Describe Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity 1. The number of organism that an environment can support 2. Limits the population 3. Affected by: temperature, food supply, reproduction, hunting Describe Factors that affect population size 1. Predation: 2. Competition: a. Predators limit number of prey a. Compete for resources b. Pick out the sick, old, young b. Water, food, living space, mates 3. Environmental changes: a. pollution, thermal warming, unfit water, disease, all effect the population number Write this below your graphs on IN: 44 • 4. Immigration- movement of organisms into an area. • 5. Emmigration- movement of organisms out of an area. Ex. Animals leave b/c they reach maturity, Food shortage. Siberian tiger 4. May cause species to become threatened or endangered Manatee a. Threatened - when population declines rapidly b. b. Endangered - when numbers are so low that extinction is possible in near future c. Extinction - disappearance of species Bald Eagle Use of Resources A. Compare types of resources • Natural resource - part of natural environment – EX: soil, water, crops, oil, gas, wildlife • Renewable - replaced or recycled by natural processes (Biodegradable) – EX: plants, animals, crops, soil • Nonrenewable - available in limited amounts – EX: fossil fuels, metals Ways to Sustain Agriculture-natural resources Cover Crops Legumes, grasses, and other cover crops recycle soil nutrients, reduce fertilizer need, and prevent weed growth. Contour Plowing Contour plowing reduces soil erosion from land runoff. On hilly areas, plowing is done across the hill rather than straight up and down. Controlled Grazing By managing graze periods and herd densities, farmers can improve nutrient cycling, increase the effectiveness of precipitation, and increase the carrying capacity of pastures. A B Yr. 1 Yr. 3 oats alfalfa oats alfalfa Go to Section: C Crop Rotation Different crops use and replenish different nutrients. alfalfa By rotating crops, the loss corn alfalfa (plowed in) of important plant nutrients is decreased. corn Yr. 2 Biological Pest Control The use of predators and parasites to control destructive insects minimizes pesticide use as well as crop damage corn Species Diversity Section 6-3 Insects 54.4% Protists 4.2% Other Animals 19.7% Plants 18% Fungi 3.4% Go to Section: Bacteria 0.3% C. Identify major sources of air, water, and land pollution 1. Pollution - contamination of any part of environment 2. Air pollution a. Caused most by burning fossil fuels b. Particulates - solid soot particles, form smog c. Can cause cancer, respiratory difficulties 3. Acid rain a. Water mixes with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid b. Damages plants, affects fish, contaminates water c. More in cities and industrialized areas Figure 6-12 The Formation of Acid Rain Section 6-2 Emissions to Atmosphere Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Chemical Transformation Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Condensation Dry Fallout particulates, gases Industry Go to Section: Transportation Ore smelting Power generation Precipitation Acid rain, fog, snow, and mist 4. Ozone depletion a. Ozone layer - high in stratosphere; protects Earth from U.V. b. Depletion allows lethal doses of UV rays to reach earth c. Caused by CFC’s(chlorofluorocarbons), styrofoam products, some aerosol sprays 5. Greenhouse effect causes global warming a. Natural process that traps heat in atmosphere b. Atmospheric gases (CO2, methane) prevent heat from escaping into space c. Process where heat is retained by gases in the environment d. Thought to be caused by combination of different pollutants( car exhaust, etc) *Due to excess pollution and forest destruction the carbon cycle cannot remove the gases fast enough! The Greenhouse Effect Section 4-1 Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Go to Section: Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Section 4-1 Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Arctic circle Sunlight Most direct sunlight 66.5°N Tropic of Cancer Equator 0° Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle Earth’s surface Go to Section: 23.5°N Sunlight 66.5°S 90°S South Pole 6. Water pollution a. Sewage, industrial wastes, fertilizer runoff b. Contaminates groundwater (soil doesn't filter out contaminants) 7. Land pollution a. Trash is burned or buried instead of being recycled b. Biodegradable - wastes broken down naturally c. Nonbiodegradable - stay in environment for 100's to 1000's of years Figure 6-16 Biological Magnification of DDT Section 6-3 Magnification of DDT Concentration Fish-Eating Birds 10,000,000 DDT-A chemical banned in the 1970’s Large Fish 1,000,000 Small Fish 100,000 Zooplankton 10,000 Producers 1000 Water Go to Section: 1 Concept Map Section 6-1 Human Activities that have changed the biosphere include Hunting and gathering may have once caused Industrial growth Agriculture often relies on the methods of the Extinctions of large animals Green revolution Food supply Go to Section: Pesticide use have resulted in High standard of living which increased Monoculture use Urban development Increased pollution 1. Examine the list of natural resources shown below. Then, classify each natural resource as either renewable or nonrenewable. a. Wood b. Fossil fuels c. Aluminum d. Wool e. Gold 2. Describe the impact that the loss of nonrenewable resources would have on the environment. Go to Section: Interest Grabber continued Section 6-4 • Rank the following items in order of their importance to you. Then, next to each item, write down how much you would be willing to pay for it. • 1. Fresh, clean drinking water • 2. Clean air to breathe • 3. An endangered plant containing a substance that can cure cancer Go to • 4. Gas for your family car Section: • Remember the importance of the Water, Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles to ensure a healthy environment. Fig 3-11 The Water Cycle Section 3-3 All living things require water to survive. Where does it all come from? Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Transpiration Runoff Seepage Root Uptake It moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. This figure shows how water molecules can change forms and be used through evaporation (change from liquid to gas) and transpiration Go(by to evaporating from the leaves of plants). Section: Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle Section 3-3 Carbon is especially important to living systems because it is the key ingredient in all living organisms. Carbon is found in the oceans, in the air, and in certain types of rocks. This figure shows how these processes move carbon through the biosphere. Go to Section: CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle Section 3-3 N2 in Atmosphere All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids, which in turn, are used to build proteins. NH3 NO3and NO2- This figure shows how the different forms of nitrogen cycle through The biosphere. Go to Section: Nitrogen Cycle Is driven primarily by the activities of unicellular organisms in the soil and oceans. 1. Nitrogen is in the atmosphere all the time. 2. Bacteria change the nitrogen into nitrates, which is a kind of natural fertilizer taken in by the roots of plants and trees and used to build plant protein. 3. Animals then eat the plants with protein in them 4. Animal and plant waste then releases protein into the soil through decomposition. 5. Finally, more kinds of bacteria break down plant protein to a form that releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere.