Download Food Chains and Food Webs

Introduction to Biology
• Remember:
– An independent variable is the
variable that YOU have control
over
– A dependent variable is the
variable that RESPONDS to what
you do.
– A control group is the group that
does not receive the treatment.
• Read the scenario.
– What is the independent variable?
– What is the dependent variable?
– What would be a good control
group? 0% glucose
– What conclusion could the
students make based on the
results? more alcohol is produced
at higher glucose concentrations
• A group of students hypothesize
that the amount of alcohol
produced in fermentation
depends on the amount of
glucose supplied to the yeast.
They want to use 5%, 10%, 15%,
20%, 25%, and 30% glucose
solutions. These are the data:
% Glucose
Amt of alcohol (μl)
5
1
10
13
15
24
20
30
25
39
30
44
Characteristics of Life
• Read the scenario and, on
your answer sheet, underline
all of the characteristics of life
that the organism shows.
• Sharks have many sub-species.
This is a result of them
evolving over time to fill an
available niche. Although
sharks do not have bones,
they are made of cartilage.
They are a multi-celled
organism. They reproduce
and give birth to live young.
They are carnivorous, feeding
only on meat. Most sharks are
cold-blooded, although a few
species are warm-blooded.
For both, it is vital that they
maintain homeostasis.
Food Chains and Food Webs
• Identify a food chain in the
food web with four
organisms. Write it down.
• Plant (P) Grasshopper (1st
C)frog (2nd C) owl (3rd C)
• Label the producer, primary
consumer, secondary
consumer, and tertiary
consumer.
• How much energy is
transferred between each
trophic level? 10% moves up
• What is the difference
between a food web and a
food chain? More complex
and realistic
Carbon Cycle
• Examine the picture
below. Answer the
questions that follow.
• How does carbon enter
the food chain?
• CO2 picked up by plants
• What two ways are
humans negatively
impacting the carbon
cycle?
– burning FF
– deforestation
• How are nutrient cycles
different from energy?
• Matter cycles energy
travels in one direction
Water Cycle-5
• Examine the picture
below. Answer the
questions that follow
• Record the five steps of
the water cycle.
–
–
–
–
–
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
infiltration
• What is it called when
water evaporates from
living plants?
– transpiration
Nitrogen Cycle
• Examine the picture.
Answer the questions
that follow.
• What organism is
responsible for fixing
nitrogen so that it is
usable by plants?
• bacteria
• How do consumers get
their nitrogen?
• Eat someone
• How is nitrogen
returned to the soil?
• Decomposition or N
fixation
Levels of Organization
• Species-able to reproduce
& produce fertile offspring
• Population- same species
same area
• Community- many
populations in same area
• Ecosystem- area including
both the biotic and abiotic
factors (biome= specific
ecosystem)
• Biosphere-all of planet tha
supports life
• biotic factor?
• Living or formerly living
–
–
–
–
Populations
Food
Waste
mates
• abiotic factor?
• Nonliving but needed
for living things
–
–
–
–
Air
Water
Space
temperature
Population Growth
• Exponential or J curve
• NO limiting factors
• Logistic or S curve
• K= carrying capacity
• Environmental pressures
limiting factors
– Food
– Water
– space
Density Dependent versus Independent
Density dependent
• Food competition
• Predation
• Disease
• space
FOOD
Density independent
• Storms
• fire
TORNADO
SPACE
DISEASE
FIRE
COMPETITION
PREDATION
Types of Competition
• interspecific
competition 
between different
species
• intraspecific
competition 
between same species
• Which picture shows
which type of
competition?
intraspecific competition
interspecific competition
Symbiosis
• Symbiosis is when two
different species live closely
together
• in mutualism both benefit
• In commensalism one
benefits and the other is
not harmed or helped
• This tick is feeding off of a
dog.
• Parasitism
• Primary Succession
Succession
– Bare rock is exposed
– Pioneer species like moss or lichen grow on rock making
soil
– Grasses come in
– Shrubs come in and are slowly replaced by trees and a
then a mature climax community
– Lichen is a fungi algae & mutualist that can grow on rock
and help form soil
• Secondary Succession
Succession
– Something happens to an area disrupting and destroying the
living things but leaving soil
– Grasses and small plants come in
– Larger plants shrubs and fast growing trees come in as do
more animals
– A mature, climax community develops
– Secondary succession starts with soil while primary
succession starts with bare rock
Succession
• Secondary succession occurs faster because soil is
already present (soil takes a looooong time to form)
• Primary succession would occur after a volcanic
eruption
• Secondary succession would occur after a manmade or natural disaster like a fire or clear cutting
Clear Cutting
(deforestation)
Forest Fire
Volcanic Eruption
Threats to Biodiversity
• Biomagnification
– Biomagnification is the
build up of a persistent
toxin within a food
chain.
– As the toxin moves up
the food chain it
becomes more and
more concentrated
– So, the top predator
received the most
poison
Threats to Biodiversity
• The greenhouse effect a
good thing because it
keeps our planet warm
• Global warming may be
bad thing and it may be
happening faster than
normal
• Rising sea levels,
changing habitats
• Burning of fossil fuels,
coal, oil and natural gas
Desert
• Very hot
• Dry
• Vegetation includes
cacti
• animals
• Conserve water by little
waste
• Being nocturnal
• plants
• Waxy coating to
decrease water loss
• Spongy inner tissue to
store water
Temperate Deciduous Forest-18
• Our biome!
• Four seasons
• Deciduous and
coniferous trees
• animal
• Hibernate when it is
cold
• Shed in summer, grow a
thick coat in winter
• Plant
• Lose leaves to save
energy in winter with
less sunlight
• Broad leaves to catch
lots of light during
summer
Tropical Rainforest
• Humid
• Wet
• Has the most
biodiversity!
• Rapidly being
destroyed!
Biodiversity is a variety of
living organisms in an area
Biodiversity is important
because of the beauty,
and value of the living
organisms for food,
medicine and resources
Tundra
• Cold, harsh winters
• Layer of permafrost
• Vegetation cannot grow
very tall.
• Animals that can live here
are tolerant of cold artic
fox or have short
lifecycles mosquitos
• They may migrate to
warmer areas, too elk
• White fur or feathers acts
as camouflage
• There is too little soil and
water for many plants to
grow tall so there are
20
only short plants
Three parts of the cell theory?
1-All living things are made of
cells
2-Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in
living thing
3-All cells come from
preexisting cells
Q: Enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?
A: Proteins
What kind of macromolecule is this?
Is it a mono- di- or polysaccharide?
What are the four types of
macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrates (CHO)
2. Lipids (CHO)
3. Proteins (CHON)
4. Nucleic acids (CHONP)
What does organic mean?
Organic compounds contain both carbon and
hydrogen.
What kind of macromolecule are fats and
oils? LIPIDS
Q: What part of the cell is made of lipids?
A: Cell membrane
Q: What kind of macromolecule is DNA?
Nucleotide
Hydrogen
bonds
Sugarphosphate
backbone
Key
Adenine
(A)
Thymine
(T)
Cytosine
(C)
Guanine
(G)
A: Nucleic Acids
What organism is this? Bacterium
Is it pro- or eukaryotic?
What is the tail-like structure called?
Flagella
Nucleus
Rough ER
Mitochondrion
Golgi body
What is the flagellum for? Movement
What are two things plant cells have
but animals cells don’t?
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell
Membrane
Cell wall
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Ribosome
(attached)
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus
Golgi
apparatus
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the
chloroplast? Photosynthesis
Structure and Function
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mitochondria: Cite of cellular respiration
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis
Lysosome: Digest macromolecules
Vacuole: Storage of water and minerals
Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
Cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Nucleolus: Ribosomes are made here.
Golgi Body: Package and modify proteins
Which one is the final result of diffusion?
Number 2
1
2
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Facilitated diffusion uses a protein to carry molecules
across the membrane because the molecules are to
big to diffuse by themselves.
What kind of cellular transport requires the
use of ATP energy? Active transport
It require ATP energy because it transports molecules
against the concentration gradient.
What is happening in endocytosis?
Molecules are being actively
transported into the cell.
Interphase and Mitosis are the two parts of the cell cycle.
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
DNA is replicated during the S-phase of interphase?
In order from big to small:
Cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA
Chromosome
DNA
double
helix
Coils
.
In mitosis, a parent cell divides to form
how many daughter cells? Two
In mitosis, what kind of daughter cells
are formed? Identical diploid cells
A cell before it does mitosis is in what
phase? Interphase
What phase of mitosis is this? Metaphase
What phase of mitosis is next?
Anaphase
What phase of mitosis is this? Anaphase
What phase of mitosis is next? telophase
What is this structure?
What are some things ATP is used
for in a cell?
Q: When energy is made by a reaction, is it exergonic
or endergonic? A: Exergonic
In an exergonic reaction, is ATP
made or used up? made
What is the process in the picture?
Light Energy
Photosynthesis
Reactants “input”
CO2 + H2O
Chloroplast
Product “output”
Sugars + O2
What are the reactants of this process
What are the products of
photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen
6H20 + 6CO2 = 6O2 +
C6H12O6
C6H12O6 is glucose sugar?
This is a mitochondrion
In eukaryotic organisms, cellular
respiration occurs here.
What is the goal of cellular respiration?
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Electron
transport
Fermentation
(without
oxygen)
What is the word that means
without oxygen? Anaerobic
Alcohol
or lactic
acid
What are the products of respiration?
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without
oxygen)
Electron
transport
Alcohol
or lactic
acid
What process happens only in anaerobic
conditions? Fermentation