Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
SYNTHESIS APPROACH FOUR EXAMPLES CARMA 6 1-2 pm 4th December 2009 CHAIR: Bob White HABITAT LINKAGES TO THE INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION • Scale of documented actions (both spatial & temporal) and consequences must be explicitly identified • This allows assessment of potential cross-scale [and cross-class] cumulative effects of foraging, predation, and pathogen exposure • • • • • • • • 1-Plant parts within plant species NUTRIENT INTAKE 2-Plant species within habitat patches 3-Habitat patch within concentrated use areas 4-Concentrated use areas within seasonal range NUTRIENT INTAKE 5-Seasonal range within annual range PREDATION RISK 6-Annual range within herd range PATHOGEN 7-Herd ranges within species EXPOSURE 8-[Sub] Species distributions on earth SCALING UP FROM THE INDIVIDUAL In order to interpret observed population distribution and response, and to predict responses in relation to assumed climate and anthropogenic effects, a number of concepts that have relevance for Rangifer linking the individual to the population need evaluation: • Optimum foraging: theory used to link diet and habitat use to meeting energy and nutrient requirements • Selfish cow: a theory that accounts for the distribution of maternal investment of energy and protein that has relevance for offspring growth and survival and the occurrence of breeding pauses • • • Plasticity and constraint: examines the ability of individuals and populations to respond (be plastic) to environmental variability within evolved behavioral, physiological or genetic constraints. An inability to respond has been coined as a “trophic mismatch” Capital versus Income breeders: the evolved strategy of allocating energy and protein to embryos from females body reserves (capital) or diet (income) which conveys selective advantage; in Rangifer the application would be (is?) exemplified at the subspecies level. Pathogens and body condition: the chicken and egg: identification of conditions under which pathogens insert a preemptive versus compensatory response of individuals and components of the population vital rates (mortality, pregnancy) USE OF MODELS AS WELL AS CARMA DATA SETS TO INVESTIGATE APPLICABILITY AND/OR MECHANISM RELATIVE TO CONCEPTS EXAMPLES AND PROCESS • LINKAGES: – POPULATIONS TO FORAGE AND WEATHER (Joly, Stephens, White) – INDIVIDUALS TO POPULATIONS (Barboza, White) • LINKAGES & EXTRAPOLATION: – PATHOGENSBEYOND INVENTORY (Kutz) – GLOBAL CHANGE (Kofinas) Example 2: Linking individuals to the population – some practical examples • Barboza• White- Decision tree for weaning and conception – Body composition – Milk composition HEAVIEST CALVES OF THE COHORT IN MARCH “SELFISH COW” HEAVIEST CALVES OF THE COHORT IN MARCH REINDEER CALF GROWTH RATE White & Luick 1976 450 Calf Growth Rate (g/d) 400 N.S. * Willows Birch 350 300 ** 250 200 150 100 Control Period1 Period 2 COW BODYWEIGHT GAIN: “SELFISH” COW? White & Luick 1976 900 Cow Bodyweight Gain (g/d) 800 700 Willows Birch 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 CONTROL PERIOD 1 PERIOD 2 ? HEAVIEST CALVES OF THE COHORT IN MARCH Conceptual decision key (fall cow) Backfat No Kidney fat No Yes Backfat thickness Yes Intestinal fat No Yes Bone marrow Red & runny 1-3% body fat Poor/animal dying Pregnancy <30% <1" >1" All other fat areas "yes“ Bone marrow "yellow" Pink 3-6% body fat Fair (recovering?) Pregnancy 50 to 70% CARMA MANUAL Fig. 12 6-12%% body fat Good Pregnancy 100% 12%% body fat Excellent Pregnancy 100% HEAVIEST CALVES MILK COMPOSITION = PEAK OF THE COHORT IN MARCH LACTATION 6 CARIBOU NOV Lactose (%WW) 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 DM (%WW) 40 50 60 CARIBOU WITH CALF (PCH Gerhart et al) MILK TYPE I TYPE II TYPE III TYPE IV 3-4wk 15-16wk approx20wk Weaning Status June/July September November 90% 10% 98% 36% Extending lactation 48% Weaning a 15% Recently weaned HEAVIEST CALVES OF THE COHORT IN MARCH