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What is Ecology? copyright cmassengale 1 What is Ecology?? • The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. • It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. copyright cmassengale 2 Habitat & Niche • Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives • Niche is an organism’s total way of life copyright cmassengale 3 The Nonliving Environment • Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. • Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. • Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. copyright cmassengale 4 The Living Environment • Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. copyright cmassengale 5 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic copyright cmassengale 6 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic copyright cmassengale 7 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic copyright cmassengale 8 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic copyright cmassengale 9 Levels of Organization copyright cmassengale 10 What are the Simplest Levels? • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • System copyright cmassengale 11 Levels of Organization • Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity. copyright cmassengale 12 1st Level of Organization • Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops copyright cmassengale 13 2nd Level of Organization • Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale 14 3rd Level of Organization • Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. copyright cmassengale 15 4th Level of Organization • Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic) copyright cmassengale 16 5th Level of Organization • Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life. copyright cmassengale 17 The Biosphere • Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. • The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things. copyright cmassengale 18 What level of organization? Organism copyright cmassengale 19 What level of Organization? Community copyright cmassengale 20 What level of Organization? Population copyright cmassengale 21 4.2 Community Interactions • Community interactions, such as competition, predation, and symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem. – Competition occurs when living things try to use the same resources. Competition often results in one organism dying out. – Predation occurs when one organism (the predator) captures and eats another (the prey). Community Interactions – Symbiosis occurs when 2 species live close together in one of three ways. • Mutualism: Both species benefit from the relationship. • Commensalism: One species benefits. The other is neither helped nor harmed. • Parasitism: One species benefits by living in or on the other. The other species is harmed.