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39. Aristotle was the first person to classify living
organisms and did so using a two-kingdom system
involving a plant group and an animal group. The system
used today is much more useful to scientists because the
two-kingdom system did not…
1. A. recognize the similarities within the
plant group.
2. B. separate living things based on
characteristics and traits.
3. C. allow for the placement of human
beings in its classification.
4. D. include many organisms such as
those later discovered with
microscopes.
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37. For many years scientists debated whether
viruses should be considered living organisms.
Which statement could a scientist use to support
the position that viruses are not living?
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1. A. Viruses have genes encoded in DNA.
2. B. Viruses require a host cell in order to
reproduce.
3. C. Viruses infect both plant and animal cells.
4. D. Viruses replicate to produce more viruses.
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32. The diagram shows a
partial classification scheme
for monarch and viceroy
butterflies. Based on this
diagram, monarchs and
viceroys belong to the same
1.
2.
3.
4.
genus.
family.
species.
subfamilies.
Story for #’s 32- 34
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5. This classification
system shows genetic
relationships between
five species of rabbits.
Which species likely
harbors the virus
infecting Sylvilagus
bachmani?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Lepus callotis
Lepus insularis
Sylvilagus aquaticus
Sylvilagus audubonii
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31. The following diagram is found
in an evolutionary biology
textbook. This branching tree
diagram is most likely used to
represent the theory that suggests
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1. A. new species arise throughout time following
rounds of mass extinction.
2. B. all species share a common ancestor and that
change occurs through time.
3. C. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of
no change in between.
4. D. all species originated during
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Use the information
and tables to answer
questions 29-31.
Question 29
Question 30
Question 31
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29. What 20th-century event most likely had the
greatest impact on the recovery of light moth
populations?
1. Higher taxes imposed on
oil imports
2. invention of the silicon
solar cell in 1941
3. clean air legislation
passed in the 1950s
4. reduced fuel efficiency in
new automobiles
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30. Kettlewell’s results indicated that black moths in
industrialized areas
1.
2.
3.
4.
had greater genetic variation
than light moths.
could out-compete light moths
for food and habitat.
had a higher survival rate than
light moths in the same area.
could change their phenotype
when environmental conditions
changed.
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Use the information to answer questions 32 – 34.
Butterflies
The monarch is a bright orange butterfly
with black stripes. It acquires toxins from the
milkweed plants it eats as a caterpillar. Adult
monarchs retain these chemicals. Experiments
have shown that blue jays that eat poisonous
monarchs become sick within 15 to 30 minutes. The viceroy is also an orange, black-striped
butterfly, which is difficult to distinguish from a monarch. Viceroy larvae consume primarily nontoxic poplar or willow tree leaves. Scientists have long suggested that viceroys have avoided
predation by mimicking the monarch’s coloration pattern. New evidence indicates that this may
not be the case. Descriptions of two sets of experiments with monarchs and viceroys are given
below.
Experiment 1 (1958): Blue jays that were raised in captivity were offered viceroys. The
hungry jays devoured the viceroys. The same jays were offered monarchs. After eating one or
two monarchs, the blue jays refused to eat monarchs or viceroys. All butterflies’ wings were
intact when given to the birds.
Experiment 2 (1991): Researchers fed the wingless abdomens of monarch, viceroy,
queen, and non-toxic control butterflies to red-winged blackbirds and monitored the percentage
of each type eaten. While 98% of control butterflies and 70% of queen butterflies were eaten,
only 40% of viceroys and 40% of monarchs were eaten.
Question 32
Question 33
Question 34
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33. What statement regarding the similarities between
monarchs and viceroys best agrees with Charles Darwin’s
theory of natural selection at the time of its publication in
1859?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Monarch butterflies are an older species
than viceroy butterflies.
Similarities between monarch and
viceroy butterflies result from their
diets.
Viceroy butterflies avoid predation due
to their resemblance to monarch
butterflies.
Variations in DNA sequences are
responsible for the similarity between
monarch and viceroy butterflies.
Story for #’s 32- 34
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34. A scientist studying a large population of a particular species of
bird concludes that monarch butterflies are toxic to that bird
species. However, upon studying a second, smaller population of
the same bird species, he discovers that the second population is
able to eat monarchs without becoming sick.
How could the scientist best explain his findings?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The larger bird population has a
small gene pool.
Monarchs are only toxic if eaten in
large quantities.
Genetic drift has occurred in the
smaller population.
Natural selection has increased
populations of non-toxic
butterflies.
Story for #’s 32- 34
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7. Provide two reasons why the researchers’ actions
in rescuing and operating on Minerva either were or
were not ethical. Respond in the space provided in
your Answer Document. (2 points)
Write the answer on separate paper.
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8. Owls are nocturnal hunters and depend on their acute
vision for survival. If Minerva’s cataracts are determined
to be inherited and she is released back into her natural
habitat, she could pass the allele for cataracts on to her
offspring. What process would most likely act against any
offspring with an allele for cataracts?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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A. immigration
B. genetic drift
C. natural selection
D. adaptive
radiation
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9. The mutation for cataracts (c) occurs on a gene represented
by the letter E. Owls that are homozygous for the mutation
(EcEc) exhibit cataracts. Owls that are homozygous for normal
eyes are EE and owls that are carriers of the mutation but do
not exhibit cataracts are EEc. What percentage of the
offspring in a cross between parents with the genotypes EE
and EcEc will exhibit cataracts?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
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10. All cataracts were originally thought to be acquired;
however, recent research indicates that some cataracts
are genetic in nature. What type of study would be most
likely to lend support to the claim that cataracts can be
inherited?
1. A. analysis of cataract thickness in
several species
2. B. studying age-related onset of
cataracts within a species
3. C. linkage studies on DNA from
families with a history of cataracts
4. D. comparing characteristics of
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cataracts caused by specific diseases
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25. A student is studying several species that
belong to the plant kingdom. Which two are
most closely related?
1. A. Ficus benjamina and Ficus
lyrata
2. B. Castilla elastica and Ficus
elastica
3. C. Bromus japonicus and Ipomoea
violacea
4. D. Fermaldia pandurata and Ficus
pandurata
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