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Taxonomy
I. Taxonomy
A. Definition – the classification and
naming of living organisms
B. Purpose – to help organize and
understand information
C. History
1. In the beginning, two groups
classified
(a) Plants
(b) Animals
2. In 400 B.C. Aristotle (a Greek
philosopher)
(a) Was the first to classify animals
into three groups
(1) Land dwellers
(2) Air dwellers
(3) Water dwellers
(b) Was the first to classify plants
into three groups
(1) Short stem
(2) Medium stem
(3) Tall stem
(c) Too general and not very
scientific
(d) Worked until the invention of the
microscope
3. In the 1600’s, John Ray (naturalist)
(a) Used the term species – group
of organisms structurally similar
and passes similarities on to
offspring
(b) Used the term genus – closely
related species; Ex.: Feline
4. Carolus Linnaeus – the father of
taxonomy, established the modern
day classification of organisms
D. Modern day classification
1.Domain
2. Kingdom – broadest category (6)
3. Phylum
4. Class
5.
Order
6.
Family
7.
Genus
8.
Species – the narrowest
(no two species are the same)
E. Naming of Organisms
1. Nomenclature – system for
naming organisms
(a) Linnaeus used John Ray’s
genus and species term
to name organisms
(b) Each organism has a genus
name and a single Latin
species name
(c) Latin is a dead language so it
will never change like
English does
(d) inu –
perro –
dog –
or to scientists: Canine
domesticus
(e) No two species could be
described by the same Latin
word
2. Binomial Nomenclature – a twoword system used to identify and
name organisms
(a) This is an organism’s
scientific name
(b) Ex.: Carcharodon carcharias
great white shark
(c) We know most animals by
their common name
3. Scientific Name – must include both
the genus and species names
(a) must be written as follows:
1st – the genus name is
capitalized
2nd – the species name is
lower-cased
3rd – both names must be
underlined or written in
italics
(b) Ex.: Delphinus delphis –
dolphin
Orcinus orca –
killer whale
Physalia physalis –
Portuguese man-o-war
(c) Scientific names are needed
because not all common names
are the same
II. The Five Kingdoms
A. Kingdom Monera
(Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)
1. Marine representatives – true bacteria
& cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae)
2. Characteristics of Monerans
(a) Most primitive group of
organisms
(b) Prokaryotes – no nucleus, lacks
cell “stuff”
(c) Unicellular
(d) Asexual reproduction
(e) Oldest life form
3. Function
(a) Bacteria – converts “waste” into
edible food; decomposers
(b) Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic;
produces O2; (not a plant = its
unicellular)
B. Kingdom Protista
1. Marine representatives:
(a) Unicellular algae – Ex. Diatom
& Dinoflagellates
(b) Protozoa – unicellular animas;
Ex. Copepods
2. Characteristics of Protists
(a) Eukaryotes (most microscopic)
– has a nucleus; many
organelles
(b) Unicellular
(c) Asexual or sexual reproduction
3. Function in marine ecosystem
(a) The start of the marine food chain
(b) 98% of the marine “plant” growth
(c) #1 producers of oxygen (not plants
because Protista are unicellular)
(d) 1st to be affected by pollution
(e) Most go through photosynthesis
(f) Feed over half the marine
pollution
C. Kingdom Fungi
1. Marine representatives – lichens –
blackish or brownish “grassy”
organisms
2. Characteristics of Fungus
(a) Eukaryotes
(b) Multi-cellular, but simple
(c) Reproduce by spores
(d) Non-photosynthetic
3. Function
(a) Decomposers – feed on dead
organisms’
(b) Hiding place for some
organisms
D. Kingdom Plantae
1. Marine representatives
(a) Seaweed
(b) Multi-cellular algae
(c) Flowering plants – Ex. sea
grasses, mangrove trees
2. Characteristics of plants
(a) Eukaryotes
(b) Multi-cellular & complex
(c) Photosynthesis
3. Function
(a) Produces oxygen (small amount
in marine ecosystem)
(b) Provides food for manatees,
turtles, etc…
(c) Provides home for a variety of
organisms
(d) Medicines
E. Kingdom Animalia
*Eukaryotes, multi-cellular &
complex, most numerous group
III. Kingdom Plantae
A. General Information
1. Multi-cellular
2. Photosynthetic
3. Divided into 2 major subkingdoms
(a) Subkingdom Thallophyta –
“no seeds”
includes “seaweeds” & “kelp”
(b) Subkingdom Tracheophyta –
includes “flowering plants” &
“grasses”
B. Subkingdom Thallophyta
1. General Information
(a) mostly attached to a firm
substrate Ex. Rocks, reefs,
etc
(b) shallow waters for
photosynthesis
(c) sargassum seaweed is not
attached, but free-floating
(d) kelp grows several hundred feet
(e) no true roots
2. Types of Thallophyta (3)
(a) Division Chlorophyta
1) green algae
2) clear green due to chlorophyll
3) over 7,500 species (both marine
& freshwater)
4) “sponge weed” & “sea lettuce” most
common
5) range from microscopic to 25 ft.
(b) Division Phaeophyta
1) brown algae
2) brown/golden in color
3) over 1,500 species (entirely
marine)
4) most common phaeophyte –
sargassum seaweed
5) largest phaeophyte – kelp (grows
100’s of ft.)
6) humans farm kelp
7) Parts of a kelp
a) Holdfast – anchors kelp to bottom
b) Stipe – stalk, supports kelp
c) Blade – leaf like part of kelp
d) Pneumatocyst – “floats” on the
blade
*easily uprooted
pneumatocyst
stipe
blade
holdfast
(c) Division Rhodophyta
1) red algae
2) reddish pigment
3) over 4,000 species
4) more red algae than all algae
combined
5) live mostly in warm waters
6) live in deep water (150
meters/450ft)
7) red light penetrates deeper
than other lights
8) “coralline” algae secretes
calcium carbonate to help
“cement” coral reefs
together
3. Importance
(a) food for marine animals
(b) home for marine animals
(c) farmed by humans for
1) food (ice cream)
2) agar – thickening agent;
used in capsules & to study
bacteria
3) medicine
C. Subkingdom Tracheophyta
(flowering plants)
1. General information
(a) very few marine species
(b) have seeds “flower”
(Thallophytes do not
have seeds)
(c) true rooted
2. Types of Tracheophytes (both
types in division angiosperms)
(a) Grasses
1) found in shallow waters
close to land
2) “surf grass”; “turtle grass”;
“sea grass” & “manatee
grass”
3) rooted into ground
(b) Mangrove trees
1) only in tropics & warm waters
2) totally marine adapted
3) very sturdy due to root growth
4) roots very complex – acts as
an anchor & a “straw” to
“suck” up water & nutrients
5) roots need aeration, so only
grow in intertidal zone
6) home to many marine
animals that live only among
the mangrove roots
7) can with stand most storms,
rarely uprooted
3. Importance
(a) food for marine animals
(b) provide cover for marine
animals
(c) act as nursery
(d) act as a giant “filter system”
(roots suck up nutrients &
some pollution)
(e) keeps area from “suffocating”
by sucking up nutrients
(f) grasses keep silt from “filtering”
off land into ocean