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Do Now: Name as many countries in Europe as you can Obj: Explain why the Fertile Crescent was able to support civilizations Understand the function of City-states HW: Active Reading pg. #35-41; Main Ideas #3-5; Critical Thinking # 6 Vocabulary Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia silt City-state Dynasty Cultural diffusion Polytheism Empire Hammurabi Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent Great farm land in Southwest Asia, surrounded by desert Mesopotamia- “land between the rivers” (Greek) Tigris and Euphrates rivers surround Mes. Rivers flood the land every year and leave behind silt Environmental Challenges Sumerians (3300 BC) faced with 3 challenges: Unpredictable floods Solutions Through Organization: Irrigations ditches from river to crops No protection High city walls made of Low natural resources mud bricks (lots of mud) Trade: surplus food for raw materials Sumerians Create City-States 3000 BC several city- states emerge Same culture different rulers Act as independent countries First ruled by priests Farmers pray for crops to grow During war, elected strong fighter to lead After a while fighters kept control permanently Led to dynasty Sumerian Culture Polytheism Belief in more than one god Describe gods are doing “human” things; i.e. falling in love, having children, quarreling However; viewed as immortal and all-powerful-humans are servants Built large ziggurats to offer sacrifices to the gods Sumerian Culture Life in Sumerian Culture: Social Class Kings, priests Wealthy Merchants Slaves Sumerian Culture Science and Technology: The wheel, the sail, plow, and among the first to use bronze Arithmetic: number system based on 60; still used for measuring time (60 seconds=1 minute) and 360* in a circle Architectural: arches, columns, ramps Cuneiform: writing system carved into clay tablets. Some oldest written records of astronomy, chemistry, and medicine Building Empires 3000-2000 B.C.E. Sumerians city-states plagued with war Left Sumer weak and vulnerable to outsiders Sargon of Akkad: 2350 B.C.E. Sargon led his Akkadians to victory over Sumer Control over both North and South Mesopotamia created the world’s first empire Akkadians maintained strong Sumerian culture Babylonian Empire 2000 B.C.E. nomadic tribe called Amorites invade Mesopotamia Gradually overwhelm the Sumerians and establish capital in Babylon on the Euphrates River. Hammurabi and his Code Babylonian Empire reached its peak under the rule of Hammurabi. (1792 B.C.E. – 1750 B.C.E) Hammurabi’s Code: Attempt to unify diverse people of his empire Code consisted of 282 specific laws Dealt with everything that affected the community Protected women and children from unfair treatment Code was copied onto stone tablets and spread throughout the empire.