Download Chapter 4 Review

Chapter 4 Review
Kelsey Locklear
April 28, 2014
1st
S
4.1 What is Biodiversity and
Why Is It Important?
S Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth’s Natural Capital
S Biological diversity or biodiversity is the variety of the earth’s species or
varying life-forms, the genes they contain, the ecosystem in which they live, and
the ecosystem processes of energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain all life.
S Species is a set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
S Every person or organism is categorized in their own species of which has its
own traits.
S Many species of the Earth are not yet discovered. There is a prediction of about
10 to 14 million different types of species.
4.1 What is Biodiversity and
Why Is It Important?
S Biodiversity
S Species diversity- most obvious
S Genetic diversity- allows adaption to survive
S Ecosystem diversity- earth’s variety of deserts, grasslands,
forests, mountains, oceans, lakes, rivers and wetlands
(classified as biomes)
S Functional diversity- the variety of processes
4.1 What is Biodiversity and
Why Is It Important?
S Earth’s biodiversity is very important, it keep us humans alive and
it also supports of economies.
S Biodiversity can produce many things with the help of technology
S Food, wood, fibers, energy from wood and biofuels, and
medicines
S Biodiversity can also help with the quality of our air and water,
maintaining fertile soil, decomposing and recycling waste, and
controlling populations.
4.2 How Does the Earth’s Life
Change over Time?
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Biological Evolution by Natural Selection Explains How Life Changes over Time
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Ancient life can be discovered through fossils found in rocks and drill core samples from glacial
ice.
S
Theory of evolution is all species descended from earlier, ancestral species
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Basically life comes from life
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Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace proposed natural selection as a way for biological
evolution to occur.
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Natural selection- individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a
particular set of environmental conditions than are those without the traits.
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Biological evolution through natural selection is the reason behind how life changed over the pass
years and why is so different today.
Evolution by Natural Selection
Works through Mutations and
Adaptations
S Biological evolution by natural selection involves changes in a populations
genetic makeup through successive generations
S Populations not individuals evolve by becoming genetically different
S Step 1: the development of genetic variability
S Occurs through mutations of a gene in any cell that can be inherited by offspring
S Step 2: natural selection
S Occurs when the heritable trait leads to differential reproduction
S The process of biological evolution by natural selection can be summarized
as genes mutate, individuals are selected, and populations evolve
Adaptation through Natural
Selection Has Limits
S Is it possible that through natural selection we are becoming
more adapted to the environmental conditions?
S This is incorrect because
S 1st there is a beneficial heritable trait in a population
S 2nd even if the beneficial heritable trait was present the
reproductive capacity would limit the populations ability to
adapt.
Three Common Myths about
Evolution through Natural
Selection
S Misconceptions about biological evolution through natural
selection
S One- “survival of the fittest”
S Two- organism would develop the traits because of their
need
S Three- a grand plan would become
4.3 How Do Geological
Processes and Climate Change
Affect Evolution
S Tectonic plates can have important effect on evolution and
distribution
S 1st location can influence the climate and the organisms in a
certain place
S 2nd species have moved from continent movement and they
have adapted to the changes
S New species were also formed
4.3 How Do Geological
Processes and Climate Change
Affect Evolution
S The climate change of cooling to heating could have caused
S Advancement of ice sheets at high latitudes
S And also retreat of them
S These types of climate changes could be major and have a
big effect on the types of plant and animals in that area
S Some species could not keep up with the climate change
which caused a species extinction
4.4 How Do Speciation,
Extinction and Human
Activities Affect Biodiversity?
S New species can be made from natural selection which is
called speciation
S Sexual reproduction is the main way for this evolution to
occur.
S This type of evolution can occur over hundreds of year
4.4 How Do Speciation,
Extinction and Human
Activities Affect Biodiversity?
S Once extinction is done it is forever.
S There is also many type of extinction
S Extinction could be caused by multiple reasons such as
starvation, or climate change.
4.5 What Is Species Diversity
and Why Is It Important?
S Species diversity is the number and variety of species it
contains.
S Species diversity is important because
S The more species there is the more there is to study
S More species means more organisms as in bacteria, virus
S The more species there are the more secrets the world holds
4.6 What Roles Do Species Play
in an Ecosystem?
S Each species has its own role
S Their role is played where they inhabitant
S The five major roles the species can play in a ecosystem is
S Native
S Nonnative
S Indicator
S Keystone
S Foundation species
Chapter’s three big ideas.
S Populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals
genetic traits that enhance their abilities to survive and to produce
offspring with these traits (natural selection).
S Human activities are decreasing the earth’s vital biodiversity by
causing the extinction of species and by disrupting habitats
needed for the development of new species.
S Each species plays a specific ecological role (ecological niche) in
the ecosystem where it is found.