* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 6 2009
Coriolis force wikipedia , lookup
Relativistic mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Jerk (physics) wikipedia , lookup
Seismometer wikipedia , lookup
Fictitious force wikipedia , lookup
Classical mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Centrifugal force wikipedia , lookup
Rigid body dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Mass versus weight wikipedia , lookup
Modified Newtonian dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Equations of motion wikipedia , lookup
Newton's theorem of revolving orbits wikipedia , lookup
Centripetal force wikipedia , lookup
Chapter Six: Laws of Motion 6.1 Newton’s First Law 6.2 Newton’s Second Law 6.3 Newton’s Third Law and Momentum 6.1 Force changes motion A force is a push or pull, or any action that is able to change motion. Newton’s First Law of Motion What is the natural state of motion? Aristotle Objects require a force to stay in motion Natural state of an object is at rest Newton’s First Law of Motion Galileo Objects could naturally remain in motion Do not come to rest on their own Newton’s First Law of Motion Newton First Law of Motion An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external, unbalanced force Newton’s First Law of Motion Uniform motion in a straight line Constant velocity Object at rest Zero velocity External forces Internal forces 6.1 Law of inertia Newton’s first law says that objects continue the motion they already have unless they are acted on by a net force. If the net force is zero, an object at rest will stay at rest. If an object is acted upon by unbalanced forces, its motion will change. 6.1 Net force Newton’s first law is often written in terms of the net force: “An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will continue in motion at constant According to these vectors, in velocity UNLESS there is a net force.” what direction is the net force? 6.1 Force changes motion Forces can be used to increase or decrease the speed of an object, or to change the direction an object is moving. Newton’s First Law of Motion Newton Mass is a measure of inertia Greater the mass, the greater the inertia 6.1 Law of inertia Inertia is the property of an object that resists changes in motion. Objects with more mass have more inertia and are more resistant to changes in their motion. Which ball has more inertia? Vid. First Law Solving Problems A car drives along the highway at constant velocity. Find the car’s weight and the friction force if the engine produces a force of 2,000 newtons between the tires and the road and the normal force on the car is 12,000 N. Solving Problems 1. Looking for: …weight of car in newtons, force due to friction 2. Given: …ForceN = 12,000N (up); …ForceE = 2,000N (forward) 3. Relationships: Newton’s 1st Law: net force = zero at constant velocity; so ForceN = ForceW and ForceE = ForceF 4. Solution FE = 200 N FN = 12,000N Draw a free body diagram. There is no net force upward, so the weight of the car is an equal FF = -200 N downward force of −12,000 N. The forward engine force balances the friction force so the friction force is −2,000 N. FW = -12,000N Solving Problems Chapter Six: Laws of Motion 6.1 Newton’s First Law 6.2 Newton’s Second Law 6.3 Newton’s Third Law and Momentum 6.2 Newton’s second law Newton’s first law tells us that motion cannot change without a net force. According to Newton’s second law, the amount of acceleration depends on both the force and the mass. 6.2 The newton The S.I. unit of force (newton) is defined by the second law. A newton is the amount of force needed to accelerate a 1 kg object by 1m/s. Vid. 6.2 Newton’s second law There are three main ideas related to Newton’s Second Law: 1. Acceleration is the result of unbalanced forces. 2. A larger force makes a proportionally larger acceleration. 3. Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. 6.2 Newton’s second law Unbalanced forces cause changes in speed, direction, or both. 6.2 Acceleration and force The second law says that acceleration is proportional to force. If force is increased or decreased, acceleration will be increased or decreased by the same factor. 6.2 Acceleration and direction Another important factor of the second law is that the acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force. 6.2 Acceleration and mass The greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration for a given force. This means acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. 6.2 Acceleration, force and mass The acceleration caused by a force is proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass. Newton’s second law The stronger the force on an object, the greater its acceleration. Force is directly proportional to acceleration. If twice the force is applied, the acceleration is twice as great. The greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration for a given force. Mass is inversely related to force. An object with twice the mass will have half the acceleration if the same force is applied. 6.2 Applying the second law Keep the following important ideas in mind: 1. The net force is what causes acceleration. 2. If there is no acceleration, the net force must be zero. 3. If there is acceleration, there must also be a net force. 4. The force unit of newtons is based on kilograms, meters, and seconds. vid Solving Problems A car has a mass of 1,000 kilograms. If a net force of 2,000 N is exerted on the car, what is its acceleration? 1. Looking for: …car’s acceleration 2. Given …mass = 1,000 kg; net force = 2,000 N 3. Relationships: a=F/m 4. Solution: 2, 000 N ÷ 1,000 kg = 2 N/kg = 2 m/s2 6.3 Newton’s Third Law Newton’s Third Law (actionreaction) applies when a force is placed on any object, such as a basketball. 6.3 The Third Law: Action/Reaction Newton’s Third Law states that every action force creates a reaction force that is equal in strength and opposite in direction. There can never be a single force, alone, without its actionreaction partner. 6.3 Action and reaction When sorting out action and reaction forces it is helpful to examine or draw diagrams. Here the action force is on the ________________, and the reaction force is on the _______________. Solving Problems A woman with a weight of 500 newtons is sitting on a chair. Describe one action-reaction pair of forces in this situation. 6.3 Collisions Newton’s third law tells us that any time two objects hit each other, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other. The effect of the force is not always the same. Momentum 1 6.3 Momentum Momentum is the mass of a object times its velocity. The units for momentum are kilogram-meter per second (kg·m/s). 6.3 Momentum The law of conservation of momentum states that as long as the interacting objects are not influenced by outside forces (like friction) the total amount of momentum is constant or does not change. Momentum 2 6.3 Momentum We use positive and negative numbers to show opposite directions. The result of a skateboarder throwing a 1-kg ball at a speed of 20 m/sec is that he and the skateboard with a total mass of 40 kg move backward at a speed of +0.5 m/sec (if you ignore friction). 6.3 Collisions When a large truck hits a small car, the forces are equal. The small car experiences a much greater change in velocity much more rapidly than the big truck. Which vehicle ends up with more damage? Momentum 3 Solving Problems If an astronaut in space were to release a 2-kilogram wrench at a speed of 10 m/s, the astronaut would move backward at what speed? The astronaut’s mass is 100 kilograms. Solving Problems 1. Looking for: … the velocity of the astronaut (backward) 2. Given …velocity1 = 10 m/s; mass1= 2 kg; ...mass2 = 100 kg; 3. Relationships: m1 v1 = m 2 v2 4. Solution Draw a free body diagram.