Download Chapter 8 High Middle Ages (1050-1450

Chapter 8
High Middle Ages
(1050-1450)
Section 1: Growth of Royal Power
in England and France
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Kings, Queens, Nobles and Clergy
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Often nobles, church officials and the kings all
had equal power.
RCC had its own courts, taxes, and army.
Other names for nobles: dukes, barons, counts
kings, queens, nobles and clergy struggled
over who would have ultimate power
Monarchs in England
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Angles, Saxons, Vikings settled in England
The Norman Conquest
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1066 King Edward of England died
His death started a power struggle
A council of nobles chose his brother-in-law,
Harold II, to rule England. Harold had to go
North to fight the Vikings.
Monarchs in England
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The Norman Conquest cont.
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Duke William of Normandy also claimed the
throne
William crossed the English Channel with his
army and defeated Harold at the Battle of
Hastings in 1066.
Other names for the Duke of Normandy: William
the Conqueror or William I
William Takes Control
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He required every vassal to swear allegiance
to him first
William had French-speaking nobles rule the
countryside.
Domesday Book: listed every piece of
property (first census-type record keeping)
Henry II
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Inherited the throne after William I
Established common law: set of laws based on
customs and court rulings
Established a jury: a group of men or women who
determined guilt or innocence
Claimed the right to try clergy (church officials)
Thomas Becket, an archbishop, opposed him.
The conflict between the church and England
continued
Becket was killed by Henry II’s knights.
Henry II and
Archbishop Thomas Becket
King John and the Magna Carta
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Henry II’s son John was a clever, greedy,
cruel, and untrustworthy leader
The Pope excommunicated John over the
selection of an Archbishop
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Interdict: by Pope Innocent III
Yearly fee: to Rome to keep interference away
Increasing taxed on the barons: enraged nobles
King John and the Magna Carta
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The pope excommunicated King John
King John angered his nobles with heavy
taxes and other abuses.
In 1215 the nobles cornered John and forced
him to agree to the Magna Carta
King John and the Magna Carta
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Basic ideas of the Magna Carta:
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Nobles had certain rights
Made clear that the Monarch must obey the law
Rights of towns people and church
Cannot pass taxes w/o consulting Great
Council
Formed basis of due process of law and habeas
corpus-no man can be held in jail without
being charged with a crime
Magna Carta
King John of England
Development of Parliament
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The King’s Great Council would eventually
become Parliament
What is Parliament? Britain’s legislature
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It’s their law-making body like our Congress
Developed into the House of Lords and
House of Commons
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Lords-nobles and high clergy. Commonsmiddle class, towns people, and knights
Monarchs in France
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Nobles elected Hugh Capet: count of Paris
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Wasn’t real powerful
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Slowly the Capetians increased their power
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King Philip Augustus:(Phillip II) shrewd but able
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Instead of appointing nobles to fill gov’t positions he used
middle class officials who owed their loyalty to him
He also took over Southern France
Quadrupled the size of France
Louis IX
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He was the most admired leader of the time
Because he was deeply religious he was
known as St. Louis
He did a lot to improve government:
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He sent out gov’t employees to check on officials
To ensure justice he heard cases himself
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(under a tree)
He made France an efficient state
Ended serfdom in his domain
Philip IV
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He was always looking for cash.
He tried to collect taxes from the clergy
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(a big NO-NO!)
Pope Boniface VIII said NO WAY!
Philip IV sent troops to get the Pope
The Pope was beaten badly, but escaped. He eventually
died from his wounds.
Shortly thereafter a French Pope was elected and
moved to Avignon, France
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This will cause a problem when Rome elects a replacement for
Pope Boniface VIII
Estates General
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France’s law-making body
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Made up of three estates clergy, nobles,
and towns people
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Never as powerful as the English Parliament
Review
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Who was William the Conqueror?
What is common law and jury?
Describe the conflict between Henry II and
Archbishop Thomas Becket
Who is King John and what did he do?
Name 2 important things about the Magna
Carta
What is Parliament and the Estates General?
Name the 3 French Kings and what they’re
known for.
Section 2: Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
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After Charlemagne’s death Germany dissolved into a
patchwork of separate states
In 962 Otto was crowned by the Pope as HRE.
The HRE was a friend of the Pope (most of the time)
The HRE’s were protectors of Italy and the Pope.
HRE’s also appointed bishops and abbots.
They rule lands in Germany and parts of Italy.
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Label this area on your map
The HRE’s greatest challenge was to control their
vassals.
Two Determined Rulers:
Emperor vs. Pope
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The new Pope Gregory VII said that only the
Pope had the right to appoint bishops
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Lay investiture: non-clergy gave gifts to clergy
HRE Henry IV strongly disagreed.
Then Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV.
The people revolted, why? bc they love their HRE
Now Henry IV goes and begs the Pope for
forgiveness. Read pg 252
Forced the Pope into exile when Henry retaliates
Concordant of Worms
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The HRE and the RCC agreed that the
church had the sole power to elect bishops,
but the HRE could give them land.
Church has the power to elect and invest
bishops with spiritual authority but emperor
still gave them fiefs.
HRE Frederick I (Red Beard)
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Dreamed of a large land between the Baltic and
Adriatic seas
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Arranged a marriage with his son and a noblewoman
from southern Italy
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fought for it but didn’t achieve that dream
Which eventually helps extend his empire
His grandson, Frederick II, would become HRE, live
in southern Italy, fight with several popes and lose
the support of his German nobles
Red Beard-Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Innocent III
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Pronounced himself ruler of Europe.
Therefore he believed that he was in charge
of kings and queens.
He clashed with all the leaders of his day and
came out on top most of the time.
Innocent III cont’d
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In 1209 Innocent helped Phillip II launch a
crusade, or holy war, against the
Albigensians in France
They wanted to purify the church
Thousands were killed
One of the most
powerful popes of all
times, was Innocent III.
Review
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What is the HRE?
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What is the Concordant of Worms?
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(explain the story behind it)
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Who was Red Beard?
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Who was Pope Innocent III and what’s he known
for?
Section 3: Europe’s outlook
on the world
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The Crusades:
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Byzantine Emperor Alexius I sent an urgent plea to
Pope Urban II in Rome urging him to help fight off
the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)
At the Council of Clermont in 1095 Urban II incited
bishops and nobles to help Alexius
Many more crusades followed
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Aimed at capturing the Holy Land
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First Crusade: 1099 slaughter at Jerusalem
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Second: 1187 Saladin kicks Crusaders out of Jerusalem
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Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted, Phillip II, and
Frederick Barbarossa: try to take over the Holy Land by
combining their armies, failed
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Fourth Crusade: Failed miserably-fought against other
Christians
First Crusade
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1099 Slaughter at Jerusalem
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Christians took Jerusalem after massacring
both Jewish and Muslim citizens
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Crusades continued for 200 years while the
Christians kept control until. . .
Second and Third Crusade
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1187 the Muslims strike again and capture the Holy
City
Leader of the Muslims was Saladin
European Crusaders (Christian and Jewish)
continued to fight for the city until Saladin closed it’s
borders to any travelers
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Richard the Lionhearted, Phillip II, and Frederick Barbarossa
try to take over the Holy Land by combining their armies, failed
Saladin eventually reopened Jerusalem to Christian
pilgrims
Fourth Crusade
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Muslims stilled owned Jerusalem despite Christian
crusaders attempts to take it for themselves
The last Christian attempt to take over Jerusalem
ended in Christians fighting each other by trying to
take over other lands including the Holy City
Muslims ended this final crusade by massacring the
Christians
Muslims had control of Jerusalem for several years
from 1291
Impact of the Crusades
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1291 Muslims kicked the Christians
completely out of the Holy Land
European economies expanded
Increased Power to Monarchs
Increased trade
Impact of Crusades
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Increased trade: fleets (ships) that brought troops
eventually brought back goods (sugar, cotton, rice, and
muslin).
The church: brought Pope to his greatest power
Monarchs: increased their power, French King Louis IX
led a crusade
Money and serfdom: use of money increased, nobles
needed money for crusades, therefore they allowed
peasants to pay rent with money rather than grain
Wider world view: Europeans began to realize that
there was a larger world. Marco Polo went all the ay to
china
The Reconquista-Reconquering Spain
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Muslims took over Spain. These particular Muslims
were known as Moors
Christians pushed the Muslims slowly to Granada
(state inside of Spain)
Ferdinand and Isabella: Isabella of Castile married
Ferdinand of Aragon. This created the nation of
Spain. One of their goals was to push the Muslims
out. In 1492 Granada fell to the Christians aided by
the Inquisition.
Inquisition: church court set up to try heretics
Ferdinand and Isabella
united Spain and
helped send
Columbus on his journey.
Crazy Isabella
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Created Inquisition
Was a devout Catholic (Christian) and
believed everyone should follow her religion.
Killed heretics through grotesque and
extreme torturing methods
Sent Columbus (and others) on his journey
to explore new lands or water routes
Section 4: Learning, Literature and the
Arts
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Scholars used scholasticism: using reason
to support Christian beliefs
Medieval Literature:
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Latin was the language of scholars
Writings started to appear in the vernacular:
everyday language
Romanesque & Gothic Architecture
Gothic Style
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYtNKza9HGc&feature=related
Review
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What were the Crusades?
Who began the first crusade and how did he
do this?
Who won the first, second, third, and fourth
crusade?
What was the inquisition and who started it?
What is scholasticism?
What is vernacular?
Describe the Gothic style.
Section 5: A time of crisis
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The Black Death:
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This disease was caused when fleas bit rats, got the
disease, then bit a human
It was believed to have been started by the Mongols
Death process (4 days max)
In Cairo 7,000 people died in one day
The people of this time had no knowledge of how the
disease was spread
Christians blamed the Jews for the Black Death saying
they poisoned the wells
Flagellants: Catholics who beat themselves for
purification
Economic Results
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Production decline
To stop rising cost, landowners switched to
sheep raising because it required less labor
Flagellants
Divisions in the Catholic Church
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Babylonian captivity
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Pope’s residence was in Avignon, not Rome
Remained for 70 yrs
People were angry about the Pope’s life of luxury in Avignon
In 1378, reformers in Rome elected their own pope.
Then a third pope is elected.
Each excommunicated each other
Council of Constance: a compromise: Pope Martin V was
elected
Wycliffe and Hus
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Wycliffe, an English professor, attacked the church.
Wycliffe said the Bible is the sole source of religious
truth.
Wycliffe began to translate the Bible into English.
In Bohemia (today the Czech Republic) Hus carried
on Wycliffe’s reforms.
Hus was burned at the stake.
Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
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Edward III of England claimed the French
crown in 1337
War erupted between England and France
England won a series of victories at Crecy,
Poitiers, and Agincourt
England’s success was due to the longbow
Longbow and the middle finger
Joan of Arc
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In 1492 at the age of 17, Joan appeared at
the court of the uncrowned King Charles VII
Joan said she had been sent by God to save
France.
Joan inspired the French troops to win.
Eventually, she was captured by England
and burned at the stake for treason
Hundred Years’ War cont’d
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The French used cannons for the first time to
defeat the English.
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Now French kings extended their power
Joan of Arc
Charles VII, King of France
Map of Hundred Years’ War about 17
years after its conclusion
Review
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What is the bubonic plague?
How did it spread?
Why did they blame the Jews for the plague?
Explain the Babylonian Captivity.
Who were Wycliffe and Huss and what did they do?
How did the Hundred Year’s War begin?
What countries was it between?
Who was Joan of Arc and what did she do?
Who won the war and by what means?
Internet Resources
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Cathedral:
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Weird Weapons of the Middle Ages:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYtNKza9HGc
The Black Death
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmDER4qovS8
Torture weapons:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZpOd2pHiI0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsCkgX2epFw&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZBRdTSgjjI&feature=related
Joan of Arc:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4anpGgBaMro