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Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections The Columbian Exchange Why Not China? • In 1405 the Chinese Admiral Zheng He led the first of seven voyages to the Indian Ocean and the east coast of Africa • Largest ships in the world (400 feet) carrying 28,000 sailors and soldiers • Collect tribute from and trade with all societies encountered on the voyages. • After last expedition in 1431, the Ming Emperor forbids any further voyages and scraps the entire fleet. Why????? Motives for European Exploration Why have the motivations for European exploration and colonization been summarized as “Gold, God and Glory”? • Gold: (economic motive).Desire for material wealth; precious metals, spices, slaves • God: Christian crusading and missionary tradition. Spain and Portugal recently completed the “reconquista”. Fall of Grenada in 1492. Anti-Muslim. Search for “Prestor John” • Glory: Competition for power between European nations Another factor was the desire to understand the world; a product of the European Renaissance and scientific revolution. What Spurred European Exploration? • Riches to be had in Asia! • After the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the trade routes to Asia were blocked or hampered by Ottoman Turks and monopolized by Venice. – Collusion between Venice and Ottomans • Ottomans brought goods to Mediterranean. • Venice brought it to the rest of Europe. • Middle men jacked up the prices. Istanbul The Lure of Spices Europeans went looking for another way to get to Indian Ocean to avoid dealing with middlemen – Spices were in great demand to “spice up” the boring and bland European diet – Indian pepper, Chinese Ginger and cloves and Nutmeg and Mace from the Spice Islands (the Maluku Islands or Moluccas in what is now Indonesia.) st 1 Country Involved: Portugal • Prince Henry “the Navigator” got things started. – NOT a sailor, but the son of King John I of Portugal. – But he set up a school for navigators in Sagres, Portugal—the first in Europe. – Also sponsored voyages into the Atlantic and down the African coast. Portuguese Explorations • Portuguese explorers discovered – Azores (1427) uninhabited; settled in 1439) – Madeiras Islands – Cape Verde Islands • Italian investors help Portuguese establish sugar plantations using African slave labor • At trading posts in West Africa, European horses are traded for gold and slaves Portuguese Naval Innovations – Mapmaking (cartography) • Before, maps described coastlines not shipping routes. • Now they showed charts of the open sea. – Use of magnetic compass for determining direction. – Use of astrolabe (Arab invention) and cross staff for figuring out latitude at sea. – Fast ships—caravel—for sailing across or against wind, using triangular lateen sails as well as square sails. Portuguese Explorers • 1488 Bartholomeu Dias • discovered southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) – Proved you could get to East Asia by sailing around tip of Africa. • 1497 Vasco Da Gama rounds Cape of Good hope and sails to India. – Encountered Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta. – Saw silk, porcelain, spices. – Couldn’t get merchants to trade with him because Portuguese goods were regarded as worthless. – Merchants accept only gold or silver. • 1519 -1522 Ferdinand Magellan, circumnavigation of the world. Magellan killed in the Philippine Islands. The survivors complete the journey. The Portuguese Trading Post Empire The Portuguese build forts to protect their trading posts in the Indian ocean • Mozambique in East Africa • Harmuz at the entrance to the Persian Gulf • Goa on the west coast of India • Malacca in Malaya in Southeast Asia They also received permission from the Chinese Emperor in 1557 to establish a trading post at Macao, a port on the Pacific ocean in southern China nd 2 Country Involved: Spain • Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united two major kingdoms of Spain. – In 1492 they completed the Reconquista with the capture of Grenada, ending Muslim presence in Spain since the 7th century. – After political unity, Isabella tried to achieve religious unity. • Even before Inquisition (started by Philip II later on) she forced conversions on Muslims and Jews (Moriscos and Maranos) • Some killed; many went into exile (150,000) Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • 4 expeditions from 1492-1502. • First meets the Taino (Arawak) in the Bahamas in October, 1492; also visits Cuba and Hispaniola. • From his contact on, an exchange between the Old and New Worlds of plants, animals, pathogens, and culture: “Columbian Exchange” Columbian Exchange Old > New Plants Sugarcane, wheat, onions, grasses, weeds From Africa: coffee, sweet potatoes, bananas Animals Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs Pathogens Smallpox, measles, influenza, hepatitis Culture Languages, religion, political organization New > Old corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chili peppers, pumpkins, beans, peanuts, avocados, pineapples, tobacco turkeys Venereal disease Impact of Diseases • By 1650, Native American population in Latin America was 1/10th of what it was in 1500. – That is, if there were 30 million people in Latin America (Meso- and South America together), then fifty years later there were just 3 million. Benefits to Europe • Gold and silver from America brought tremendous wealth to Europe (Spain, in particular) – Spain’s wealth got pumped into fighting Reformation forces, among other things. (Philip II) • Trade expanded in Europe; cities grew wealthy. Increasingly powerful “bourgeoisie”; an expanding capitalist economy • Diet improved among Europeans thanks to introduction of corn, beans, and potatoes. • Poor Europeans sought immigration to New World to improve their lives. El Escorial Competition between Spain and Portugal • Spain and Portugal were major competitors in expedition and conquest. – To settle differences, they asked Pope Alexander VI (Spanish by birth) to settle claims. – Alexander VI drew a “line of demarcation” down the middle of the Atlantic from North pole to South pole. • Spain was to get the west; Portugal the east. – Line was renegotiated in 1494 in Treaty of Tordesillas. • In Latin America, it roughly corresponds to the border dividing Brazil and the rest of Spanishspeaking South America. Explorers: England • In search of the Northwest Passage: explorers imagined way to get to Asia by sailing north. • 1497-98 under Henry VII, John Cabot—an Italian—explored parts of Canada. – Claimed Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. • Not much happening for about 70 years, then Martin Frobisher explored Labrador. • First attempt at settlement in Roanoke, VA in 1588; first permanent in Jamestown, VA in 1607. Exploration of the Pacific Captain James Cook leads three expeditions to the Pacific. Adds Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands to European Maps. Killed in Hawai’i in 1779 Explorers: the Netherlands • 1609 Henry Hudson— Englishman—explored North America for the Netherlands. – Again, looking for Northwest Passage. • First, he went through Arctic Ocean. • Next, he explored eastern part of US: sailed up the river (later named for him) and claimed it for Netherlands. Explorers: France • Looking for gold and markets for French goods. • 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano explored coast from Maine to North Carolina. Sailed into New York harbor. • 1530s Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence River and eastern Canada. • 60 years goes by then Samuel de Champlain explored St. Lawrence region in 1603 – First permanent French settlement in North America in 1608 in Quebec. Colonial Empires • After exploration, the 5 European nations set up colonies: – – – – – Spain Portugal France Great Britain (England) Netherlands Spanish Colonial Empire • Mid-16th century New Spain included: – – – – Mexico Central America Most of South America Western part of North America – Florida – Several Caribbean islands – In the Pacific: the Philippine Islands Portuguese Empire • Portugal: – Brazil – Trading posts on coasts of • Africa • India • China (Macao) Trading Post Empires • Portugal was to small a nation to maintain trade dominance in Africa and Asia. • English and Dutch merchants and investors form joint stock companies to finance overseas trade (East India Company and the VOC) • The Manila Galleons sail the Pacific between the Philippines and Mexico from 1565 to 1815, bringing goods from Asia to Europe. French Empire • New France: – Eastern Canada – Mississippi Valley – Trading colonies in Caribbean and India. • New Netherland Netherlands – Hudson River Valley – Caribbean islands (St. Martin, Curacao) – Parts of South America – South Africa – Present-day Indonesia (Java) – Sri Lanka Great Britain • After several wars with Netherlands, Spain and France, Great Britain won: – Canada – India – New Netherland (renamed New York) – Several Caribbean islands (Jamaica, Bahamas, Barbados, and more…) • By mid 18th century, Great Britain had: – 13 colonies on Atlantic coast of North America.