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Age of Exploration Chapter 19, Section 1 Why Explore? God, Glory, and Gold God: As a result of the Crusades Christian Europeans felt sense of duty to spread Christianity Glory: Desired to give glory to country/leader and enlarge territory; beginnings of nationalism Gold: Desired to grow wealthy; sought gold and other costly goods such as spices, silks, and furs. Also wanted to cut out middle men in trade process. Why was Exploration Possible? • Funding from monarchs that wanted to gain territory and use of raw materials • New sailing technologies: astrolabe, caravel, compass • Desire for knowledge from new and unknown areas Technologies The Astrolabe: an ancient astronomical computer used to show how the sky looks in a specific place at a given time and to calculate latitude. The Caravel: Triangular sails solved the dilemma of sailing against the wind that plagued early European travels. Map of the Known World, 1484 Portugal Leads the Way • Advantageous geographic location, strong government support, and use of technologies allowed Portugal to be leader of early exploration • First European country to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa • Heavy support for exploration came from Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry • Never personally sailed • Was highly interested in both gaining wealth and spreading Christianity through exploration • Funded a school for navigators and hopeful explorers where they could learn skills and perfect mapmaking and shipbuilding • Put himself in debt funding 14 voyages to Africa Famous Portuguese Explorers • Bartolomeu Dias: Rounded tip of Africa in 1488, explored SE coast of Africa • Vasco da Gama: Explored east coast of Africa, in 1498 reached Calicut in India, giving Europeans the first direct sea route Spain’s Role in Exploration • Christopher Columbus: 1492 convinced Spanish monarchs to try to find their own route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic; landed in Caribbean. • Both Spain and Portugal thought his landing spot was in the East Indies, leading to conflict. • Results: opened Western Hemisphere for colonization; increased tensions between Spain and Portugal. Treaty of Tordesillas • Following Columbus’s voyage and landing in the “East Indies” Portugal and Spain disputed what lands belonged to which country • In 1493 Pope Alexander VI suggested drawing an imaginary line through the Atlantic to determine what lands belonged to each nation • The Line of Demarcation was marked and agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas • Spain would have all lands west of the line and Portugal was granted lands east of the line Map of Treaty of Tordesillas Indian Ocean Trading Empires • As the Europeans discovered water routes to Asia, they scrambled to set up trading posts in key locations • Fighting erupted between Europeans and native peoples over the building of trading posts • Establishing trading posts allowed goods to be brought back to Europe at steep discounts, making them affordable to more people European Expansion • By 1514 Portugal had established trading ports at Hormuz, Goa, and Malacca, controlling the valuable spice trade • The Netherlands and England challenged Portugal’s dominance Asian trade • The Dutch and Spanish eventually took over much of the areas originally controlled by Portugal East India Companies • The British, Dutch, and French set up agreements that would ensure close relations between the governments in Europe and the areas they took over in Asia; also monitored trade. • Dutch East India Company: 1602-1798, Indonesia, Malaya, Sri Lanka, Spice Islands • British East India Company: 1600-1873, India East India Companies, cont. • French East India Company: 1664-1769, islands off the coast of Africa Major Explorers • See Handout • Questions for Review: • Why did exploration occur? • Why was exploration possible? • What were some of the outcomes of exploration?