Download Enlightenment and Revolution

Chapter 18
Enlightenment and
Revolution
Age of Exploration
The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
The American Revolution
Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the colonial expansion of
European powers and their impact on world government in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
7-1.1 Use a map or series of maps to identify the colonial expansion of European powers in
Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas through 1770. (G, H, P)
7-1.2 Explain how technological and scientific advances, including navigational advances
and the use of gunpowder, affected various parts of the world politically, socially, and
economically and contributed to the power of European nations. (H, G, P, E)
The Age of Exploration
Pages 658-669
Europe Gets Ready to Explore Pages 659-660
In the 1400s and 1500s nations of ______ _______ began
exploring the world.
•The opportunity to make money drove this exploration.
–Europeans wanted to go to _____ for ______ from India, and ___
from China and they wanted them fast.
•These goods normally came by pack animal or by walking; a faster allwater route was wanted and needed.
–New _________ would allow for these water routes to become
possible.
»Eventually, European countries would begin to dominate the
world, as ________ were founded in North and South America,
Africa and Asia.
Trade With Asia
Page 659
• During the Middle Ages, Europeans began buying
vast amounts of _____, ___, and other goods from
___. Why?
– The Mongol empire had kept the ___ ____ open and
protected until their empire ended.
• When the Mongols fell, local rulers and robbers started to tax or
steal the goods coming to Europe making the goods expensive.
• The _______ ____, then blocked trade using the
Black Sea so prices of goods continued to rise.
• Regardless of price ________ still wanted the
spices and silks.
– Food without spices tasted: (3 S’s) _______, _____, or
_______, cloth was made from _______ or plant fibers,
so clothing was scratchy. Why?
– Anyone who could find a way to get goods cheaply to
Europe would become very wealthy very quickly.
• Merchants began looking for a ___ route to ____ _____.
New Technology
Pages 659-660
• Without the right ________, Europeans would not
find this new all water route.
– The _______ Ocean was very dangerous.
• By the 1400s Europeans learned about the
________ from ____ and the ______ from ____ to
help them navigate.
• They also started using lateen or _______ ____
that allowed them to sail into the wind.
• They also changed the design of their ships
adding many _____ and smaller lateen _____, and
using a new type of ______ that made steering
easier.
– The ________ from ________? built a ship called the
________ and Europeans began exploring the world.
Compass,
Astrolabe, and
Caravel
The Rise of Strong Nations
Page 660
• At the end of the Middle Ages most of
the kingdoms of Europe were too poor
and weak to ______ the world.
• Kings and queens could tax ____ and
use the money to build their political
and military strength.
• By the end of the 1400s, four
kingdoms: ________, ____, ______, and
_______ were wealth and strong
enough to begin looking for a sea route
to ___.
Find: Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal
Did Maps Encourage Exploration?
Page 660
• By the 1400s, most educated people in _____
knew the world was ______.
– Europeans had few maps and they did not know much
about rest of the world.
• Most of the maps that Europeans possessed were
based on those by Egyptian geographer _______
________.
• Ptolemy’s ideas about __________ were influential
because of his system of _________ and
________; that is still used today.
• Europeans also used the maps of Arabian
geographer ________.
– Using the maps of ________ and ________ Europeans
learned the geography of ____ ______ and the ______
_____.
• Europeans knew that if they could find a way around ______,
they could get to ____.
Find: North America, South America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica
Standard 7-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the colonial
expansion of European powers and their impact on world government in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
7-1.1 Use a map or series of maps to identify the colonial expansion of European
powers in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas through 1770. (G, H, P)
7-1.2 Explain how technological and scientific advances, including navigational
advances and the use of gunpowder, affected various parts of the world
politically, socially, and economically and contributed to the power of European
nations. (H, G, P, E)
Exploring the World Pages 661-664
Because the France, Great
Britain, and Spain were fighting
wars, __________ had the
opportunity to explore the world
first.
Who Was Henry the Navigator?
Page 661
• 1419 Prince Henry of
________, set up a
research center.
– He invited sailors,
mapmakers, and
shipbuilders to share their
knowledge to help explore
the world.
• In 1420, Portugal began to
map the coastline of
________, while attempting
to find the all water route
to Asia.
– They also discover that
sugarcane can grow in
this region.
•To work the sugarcane fields the Portuguese start bringing
enslaved ________; so Portugal started the slave trade.
Vasco da Gama
Page 661
• Is a __________
explorer.
– 1497 da Gama goes
around the tip of
________ and
across the Indian
Ocean to ______.
– Proves that an all
______ ______ to
____ has been
found.
Christopher Columbus
• Came up with a daring plan
to get to ____.
– He believed it would be faster
to sail across the ________.
– Only the King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella of _____ were
willing to pay for his voyage.
– ____ Columbus sets sail and
after many weeks he reaches
land.
– He believes he has made it
do the East Indies spice
islands of the coast of India.
– He makes three more
voyages, never realizing that
he had arrived in a new land.
Page 662
Who Was Magellan?
Pages 662-663
• He was a Spanish sea
captain.
– He decides to finish what
______ started.
– ____ he left _____ sailing
across the Atlantic, sails
around the tip of South
America and entered into the
_______ Ocean.
– After four months of sailing
he reaches the _________,
where he is killed by a local
chief.
– His men return to _____ by
sailing around the tip of
______. They became the
first known people to
___________ the _______.
The First English and French Explorers
Pages 663-664
• As news about Columbus spread throughout Europe,
________ decided to find a northern route to ___.
– In 1497, John Cabot sailed from England arrived on the
coast of Canada to an island he named ______________.
• He continued south but never found a path to _____.
• In 1524, ______ sent Giovanni da Verrazano to map
America’s coast.
– He mapped from ____ _______ to ___________ but did
not find a Northwest passage to ____.
• 1534 ____ ______ sailed past Newfoundland and entered
the __ _________ River.
– He too did not find a Northwest passage.
– These would be the last voyages of exploration for
_______; a religious civil war broke out between
Protestants and Catholics.
Jacques Cartier
John Cabot
aka: Giovanni Caboto
Giovanni da Verrazano
Spain Fights England
Page 664
• In 1588, war broke out between ____ and ______ (Great
Britain) over religion.
• England’s Queen ________ allowed English pirates to
attack Spain’s colonies in the New World.
• The English attacks angered Spain’s King ________ and in
1588 he sent a huge fleet of ships, known as the ______
______, to invade England.
– English ships moved faster and forced the Armada to
flee north, where many of the ships were sunk by
storms.
• The Spanish defeat was an important event.
– While ____ was still strong, ______ now had the power
to stand up to ____.
• This encourages the ______ and _____ to start
exploring the world.
7-1.3 Compare how European nations exercised political and economic influence
differently in the Americas, including trading-post empires, plantation colonies,
and settler colonies. (H, G, P, E)
7-1.4 Summarize the characteristics of European colonial power and explain its
effects on the society and culture of African nations, including instances of
participation in and resistance to the slave trade. (H, G, P, E)
A Global Exchange Pages 668-669
•After the Age of Exploration, the economies in
Europe changed the economies of Africa, Asia, and
America.
–Europe traded with the world creating a ______
_______ of good things like food, goods, and
technology but they also did bad things like
spread diseases and start the slave trade.
•This global transfer is called the __________
___________ named after Christopher
Columbus.
A Global Exchange Page 668
• The Columbian Exchange brought two very important
foods to Europe from North America: ____ and ________.
– Corn helped improve the health of ________ resulting in
more meat and ____.
– Potatoes were important for _______ because four times
as many people could be fed off the same amount of
land.
• Other American goods such as squash, beans and
tomatoes changed the food and cooking of Europe.
– Imagine spaghetti without tomato sauce.
• Some American foods such as chili peppers and peanuts
also became important foods in Asia and Africa.
– One of the most harmful American goods was
__________, as Europeans, Asians, and Africans
became and still are addicted to it.
• Europe exchanged wheat and other grains for coffee and
other tropical fruits such as _________.
A Global Exchange Page 669
• Important animals were brought from
Europe: pigs, sheep, cattle, chickens, and
most important the _______.
– _______ would both help defeat the Native
Americans and help them move faster and start
hunting animals such as the ________.
• Another harmful effect will be a huge
movement of people after Europeans started
growing sugarcane in the _____________.
– To plant and harvest sugarcane Europeans
enslaved millions of __________ and moved
them to the __________.
A Global Exchange Page 669
• Europeans also changed ______ society.
– They started using gunpowder, which was originally
invented in Asia, guns, cannons, and powerful ships to
easily defeat Arab fleets and Indian princes.
• They also used these weapons to force open Asian ports for
trade.
– Within two hundred years England took over all of India
» The ______ East India Company built an empire in Indonesia.
• Europeans also changed the society of _______,
using European guns and cannons the country
was reunited.
• The most dangerous thing that Europeans brought
to the Americas was ____.
– Native Americans did not have immunity to European
diseases such as small pox, measles, and malaria.
• The germ was mightier than the sword, as a result, millions of
Native Americans died.
7-1.5 Summarize the characteristics of European colonial powers in Asia and their
effects on the society and culture of Asia, including global trade patterns and the
spread of various religions. (H, G, P, E)
7-1.6 Explain the emergence of capitalism, including the significance of
mercantilism, a developing market economy, an expanding international trade,
and the rise of the middle class. (E, H, P)
The Commercial Revolution
Read Pages 666-667
•_____ built its empire in America.
–At the same time __________ began building its
empire in ____.
–To dominate trade in Asia, the __________
fought a war against _______ merchants.
•The Portuguese defeated the Muslims they
controlled trade and built ______ ____ in
India, China, Japan, the Persian Gulf, and the
____ ______ of Southeast Asia.
What is Mercantilism? Page 666
• As Spain and Portugal built their empires other
European countries wanted to become as ___.
– The way to build their wealth was through the idea of
__________.
• The idea is for countries to increase their amount
of gold and silver through their “Balance of _____”.
– The goal to ______ more than ______.
• Countries that use Mercantilism are ___________;
they believed that countries should set up ______.
– The country that sets up the colony sends people, or
________, to produce goods not available at home.
• This way allows the _____ _______ to no have to
import those goods thus lowering its “________ __
______”.
Trade Empires in Asia
Page 666
• Mercantilism encouraged Europeans to set up
trading posts and colonies in Asia and ______
________.
– Spain controlled the Americas but the set up a colony in
the __________.
• The Spanish shipped Peruvian ______ to the Philippines to buy
______ and ____ to sell in Europe.
• In the 1600s, trying to catch up to Spain and
Portugal, the _______ and _______ began trading
with ____.
• England and France would eventually fight a war over control of
India.
– In 1619, the ______ built a trading post in ____ and they
slowly pushed the ____________ out of the _____ trade.
• This is the beginning of the end of Portuguese power.
What Are Joint-Stock Companies?
Pages 666-667
• Trading overseas was very expensive, Europeans
developed new ways of doing business in ______.
– This is the beginning of the ________ _________,
countries move away from barter to buying and
selling large amounts of goods world wide.
• Worldwide trade was expensive, money is needed
for ships, warehouses, and buying the goods.
• To get the money needed for trade they contacted
wealthy individuals to ______ money, these
individuals are called ___________.
– The goal is to have a higher “Balance of
___________”.
• Some trading projects were so large that to raise
enough money many ____________ had to come
together to sell shares of ______.
– These joining of entrepreneurs are called
____________ companies.
What is the Cottage Industry Page 667
• To trade goods world wide, ________ needed a
large supply of goods.
– They needed these goods cheaply so they could
maximize their profits by selling them for higher prices
elsewhere.
• By the 1600s, merchants had become frustrated
with the artisans and _______ that controlled the
production of goods in Europe.
– To avoid the guilds, the merchants began asking
__________ to make goods for them in their cottages.
• The peasants were happy for the extra money and work they
could do in their _____.
• The system of producing wool goods in peasant
homes is called the _______ ________.
– ***This will lead to the start of the
Industrial Revolution***