Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
European Exploration and Colonization Early Map of World Why Exploration? Search for spices and profits Crusades, Italian monopoly Desire to spread Christianity Crusades= legacy of hatred Ability to use technology compass, caravel, triangular sails, astrolabe Why Exploration? Renaissance spirit of curiosity MA- no need for excitement, adventure Prince Henry the Navigator Portuguese, spread Christianity African slaves Portuguese first to buy Hazards of Colonization Diseases and epidemics Natives lacked immunity Natives died by the millions 1650 population of central Mexico declined by 85% Slavery Exchange guns for slaves Europeans refused to do work Benefits of Colonization Farm animals & new plants brought by Europeans Vice versa Potatoes & corn People’s diet was enriched Portuguese Exploration First nation to explore Prince Henry the Navigator Motive: economic, religion Founded naval station Trading posts and plantations Western Africa Traded for slaves, ivory, gold Plantations important for development of slave trade Portuguese Exploration cont… A route around Africa to India Bartholomew Journey to India De Dias Gama Control of the spice trade Europeans Traded Cheaper had little Asians wanted bullion than land trade with Arabs Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama’s Voyage Indian Ocean King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain Columbus sails for Spain Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor Looking for the Indies (Southeast Asia) Landed in San Salvador Caribbean becomes known as West Indies Europeans are motivated by his discoveries Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus’ Ship Nina Pinta Santa Maria Christopher Columbus’ Landing Columbus’ First Voyage Columbus’ Second Voyage Columbus’ Third Voyage Columbus’ Fourth Voyage Landing Location of Christopher Columbus Division of the World Line of Demarcation Prevent disputes between Spain and Portugal Imaginary line in Atlantic Ocean Spain= west of line Portugal= east of line 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal not happy with Line of Demarcation Did not get much land Portugal is given claims to Brazil Spain gets the rest of the Americas Other Spanish Explorers Amerigo Vespucci Juan Ponce de Leon Florida and the Fountain of Youth Vasco Nunez de Balboa First to see Pacific Ocean 1513 Crossed Isthmus of Panama Amerigo Vespucci Tomb of Ponce de Leon Magellan’s Voyage Portuguese Explorer Journey paid for by Spanish King Circumnavigated globe Significance Pacific Ocean separated Americas from Asia All oceans are connected and winds follow consistent pattern Magellan Magellan’s Voyage Straits of Magellan Conquest of the Aztecs, Incans Conquistadors attracted by gold Conquerors were sons of aristocratic families Other motives: Fame Land Adventure Religion Aztecs found in Mexico, Incans in Peru Aztec Warrior The Incas Hernando Cortes Aztecs thought Spaniards gods or messengers of Quetzalcoatal Horses Weapons Montezuma gave Spaniards gifts hoping they’d leave, Spanish push inland Aztecs die in war and from smallpox People kill Montezuma Hernando Cortez Montezuma Cortez and Montezuma Francisco Pizarro Sent by Charles V Welcomed by Atahualpa who is taken prisoner No Spaniard is killed Leader would be released in exchange for a room full of gold Atahualpa was still killed Francisco Pizarro Charles V Later Spanish Explorers Spain established basis for claiming land in US Hernando de Soto 1541 Reaches Mississippi Francisco de Coronado 1540 Reaches Colorado, Kansas The Journey of Coronado Spanish Rule of the New World Centralized Government Viceroys appointed to carry out Spanish policy Colonies existed for Spanish profit Colonies forced to buy finished goods from Spain Spain controlled trade, encouraged export of raw materials, discouraged manufacturing Indian Laborers Conquistadors given land Encomiendas- Grants entitled them to land and taxes from peons (2nd son of nobility) Type of system of slavery even though laws protected Indians Replaced by haciendas Encouraged settlement Given by viceroys Spanish Missionaries Indians’ suffering bothered Catholic missionaries De Las Casas- work with Indians resulted in King passing laws in 1542 forbidding further enslavement Counter-Reformationmissionaries abroad “Black Legend” B. De Las Casas Read Write up 397 Spain destroys indigenous people 7 million reduced to 1 million Disease, war, slavery King claimed absolute power Council of Indies- officials made laws for new lands Laws made in Spain and sent to 2 capitals Mexico Goal: City (Tenochtitlan) and Lima, Peru Profit for the crown Viceroy (royal agent)- mattered little to natives City- ruled Spain’s land in N. America Lima- ruled Spain’s land in S. America Mexico The Officials No American-born could hold high office Spanish born planned to return to Spain Conquistadors- those who seized native land Search for God, glory, gold Many willing to take chances- no middle class Goal: Gain money for themselves and crown Class Structure of New World Europeans (stay was temporary) Wives returned to Spain for childbirth Creoles (Europeans who live, stay and marry only Europeans) Mestizo and Mulattos (mixed race) Indians What was taken? 750,000 pounds of gold 16,000 tons of silver 1/5 – 1/3 went to Spanish king **Spain’s importance in Europe grew** Inflation- value of money decreases Portuguese Colonization of Brazil Missionaries sent Cabral claims Brazil Settlement by wealthy nobles who received land Colonies attracted settlers from all classes (unlike Spanish) Dutch and English Exploration Looking for route to Asia Northwest Passage- waterway through North America to Asia 1497 Henry VII (England) sends John Cabot to Americas Henry Hudson sails for Dutch merchants John Cabot Italian Reaches Newfoundland Describes different land than Columbus Cabot’s Voyages John Cabot Henry Hudson 1609 English explorer Establishes colony on New Netherland for the Dutch Henry Hudson Henry Hudson Hudson Dutch Trading Empire Dutch East India Company 1602 gained control of Portuguese ports in Asia Only country allowed to trade with Japan Dutch West India Company 1621 Controlled most of slave trade No missionaries Trade for profit English Trading Empire English East India Company 1600 Est. by Queen Elizabeth I Fought French for trading posts in India Privateers- private ships authorized by govt. to attack enemy shipping Used ships to capture Spanish treasure England’s American Colonies Reasons for settlement: Religious persecution (Puritans) Economic opportunity French in North America Early explorers sent by King Frances I Jacques Cartier 1535- reached St. Lawrence and claims Eastern Canada for France (New France) Samuel de Champlain 1608- est. Quebec as first permanent French colony in North America built fur trade French in North America Later explorers- second half of 1600’s Louis Joliet (fur trader) and Jacques Marquette (priest) Travel by boat through Great Lakes, Wisconsin, Mississippi River La Salle (French nobleman) 1682Explored lower Mississippi Claimed entire Mississippi River Valley for Louis XIV Louisiana French Economic Activities Fur trade was primary source of wealth Farming was unsuccessful Shortage of labor- only Catholic peasants could emigrate People went to plantations in West Indies Conflicts Over French Colonies 4 wars fought over North American continent French and Indian War 1754 Both sides had Indian allies 1763 Treaty of Paris signed as France surrenders French lose most of their land- keep Caliifornia England gains Canadian land Spain gains land west of Mississippi French power in America broken Nature of the Rule of Philip II Philip II background th 16 century (1156-1598) Trade and Expansion Champion of Catholicism Charles V gives Spain to son Religion and Philip II Spain strongest supporter of Catholicism Enemy of Protestants (Ottomans, Dutch, English) Hundred Years War- France and Spain sign treaty ending (religious) conflict over Italy The Battle of Lepanto Philip organized united force of Spanish, Genovese, and Venetians to fight Turks Pope had urged action Turkish naval force defeated at Lepanto, October 1571 Last great Spanish naval victory Turkish power in Mediterranean weakened Philip’s Empire Spain Duchy of Milan Kingdom of Naples Netherlands Portugal (land seized when king dies without heir) Portuguese land in Africa, India, East Indies Wealth and Power Grow Military expanded Late 1500’s- strongest and largest military in Europe Escorial- became center of Spanish empire Functions- palace and monastery Massive fort, castle, conservative, power Hardworking King Demanded report from advisors Agonized over decisions- slowed empire down Allowed no help (suspicious) Rivalry with England- seadogs, religion Spanish Golden Age El Greco- religious and dramatic art ***demonstrated strength of Spanish Catholicism Velazquez- artist Themes showed pride in royal family Cervantes- writer Satires of Middle Ages