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AGE OF EXPLORATION: NEW WORLD Borrowed from Ms. Sheets University High School From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “Age of Exploration” The Renaissance encouraged curiosity & a desire for trade Motivations: Why did Europeans want to explore? As a result of exploration, European nations grew powerful & spread their influence throughout GOLD (MONEY) began looking quick, A Merchants desire for new sources of for wealth was trade routes to Asia toexploration avoid the direct main reason for European Muslim & Italian merchants & increase profits The Crusades & Renaissance stimulated European desires for GLORY Kings sponsoredinspired voyages of Thewho Renaissance new exploration gained for overseas colonies, possibilities power & prestigenew sources of wealth for their nation, & increased power Exploration presented Europeans the opportunity to rise from poverty GOD European Christians, especially Catholics, wanted to stop the spread of Islam & convert non-Christians to the faith Explorers were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring missionaries who would focus only on MOTIVES TO EXPLORE Gold Find riches Glory Renaissance and the idea of Humanism – Man could achieve great things God Missionary activities resulting from the reformation The Catholic Church wanted to strengthen its power DESIRE TO EXPLORE Europeans were looking for a trade route to the East by sea. Europeans lack gold to pay for imports from Asia. Europeans initially had many disadvantages and fears (ignorant; fearful; lacking technology; Ottoman Empire) Decreasing belief that the world was flat and sea travel may lead to falling off the earth NEW TECHNOLOGY Europeans developed round-hulled sailing ships that could sail Atlantic and carry heavy armaments. Improved compass, map-making European knowledge of Chinese explosives adopted into gunnery. NAVIGATION Trade & cultural diffusion during the Renaissance introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans Astrolabe Maps used were more accurate Magnetic compass stars to and show used longitude & made sailing more European shipbuilders built a better ship; The caravel was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind Cannons & rifles gave ships A moveable rudder made the caravel more OF EXPLORATION Who wereTHE the AGE explorers, where did they go, & how did they change world history? Europeans were not the first to explore the oceans in search of new trade routes Islamic merchants explored the Indian Ocean & had dominated the Asian spice trade for centuries before European EARLY EXPLORATION From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He led the Chinese treasure fleet on 7 expeditions to SE Asia, But in the late 1400s, the European sailors did what neither Muslim nor Chinese explorers could: Begin global (not regional) exploration & create colonies to increase their wealth & power In Portugal, Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of navigation to train sailors He brought in Europe’s best map-makers, shipbuilders, & sailing instructors He wanted to discover new territories, find a quick trade route to Asia, & expand Portugal’s power Portugal was the early leader in the Age of Exploration Prince Henry’s navigation school & willingness to fund voyages led the Portuguese to be the 1st to explore the west coast of Africa Vasco da Gama was the 1st explorer to find a direct trade route to Asia by going around Africa to get to India Portugal gained a sea route to Asia that brought them great wealth PORTUGAL LEADS Portugal led in navigation Focused on: discovery, destruction to Muslim world, wealth Henry the Navigator organized expeditions along the coast of Africa 1498: Vasco de Gama reached India, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope De Gama’s success led to other expeditions: Brazil, Mozambique, Indonesia, Japan Portugal claims parts of African coast and parts of Brazil, India During the Age of Exploration, Portugal created colonies along the African coast, in Brazil, & the Spice The Spanish government saw Portugal’s wealth & did not want to be left More than out any other European monarch, Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain sponsored & supported overseas expeditions Like most educated men of the Renaissance, Columbus believed the world was round & thought he could reach Asia by sailing west He made 4 trips to “India” never knowing he was in Columbus reached the Bahamas in America but thought that he had reached islands off the coast of India SPAIN FOLLOWS Spain is full of religious zeal and a desire for riches 1492: Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, thought he was in India 1519-1521: Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the world Spain claims Mexico, parts of South America, Florida, Philippines Imports silver from America During the Age of Exploration, Spain created colonies in DIVIDING TERRITORY 1493: Pope’s Line of Demarcation (Spain is eager to claim dominion over new land) 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas (Brazil awarded to Portugal) Spain sent explorers called conquistadors to the New World to find gold, claim land, & spread Christianity Cortez conquere d the Aztecs Pizarro conquere The influx of gold from d the Inca America made Spain the most powerful country in Europe during the early years of the England, France, & the Netherlands became involved in overseas exploration & colonization as well NORTHERN EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS In 16 th c., Northern Europe (France, England, Holland) becomes interested in exploration Will mostly go northward in New World British set up colonies in North America, India Tried to find an Arctic route to East Dutch set up colonies in SE Asian islands, Sri Lanka, south Africa French set up colonies in midwestern, southern US via Mississippi, Canada Dutch/British East India Company: joint stock and trade company; amass huge fortunes After failing to do so, Champlain founded the French colony of Quebec The French explorer Samuel de Champlain The French would soon carve out a large colony searched Canada for a northwest passage to along the Mississippi River from Canada to New Unlike other European nations whose kings paid for colonies, the English colonies were paid for by citizens who formed jointstock English colonies companies formed along the Atlantic Coast of North America by colonists motivated either by religion The English explorer James Cook was the first European to make contact with Australia, New Zealand, EUROPEAN HOLDINGS Like England, the The Dutch had colonies Netherlands (the Dutch) in America & Africa, but allowed private the Dutch East India companies to fund Company dominated exploration trade in Asia DEVASTATION Smallpox and measles caused between 50-80% indigenous populations to die. Entire island populations gone Native Americans had not previously been exposed to these diseases; had no natural immunities Europeans had “room” to create new populations with their own citizens and African slaves COLONIAL EXPANSION European guns, horses, and iron offered advantages, especially where political chaos and population losses had occurred. Spain colonized the Americas first. Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 1509 CE: Vasco de Balboa establishes a colony in Panama in search of gold 1528 CE: Francisco Pizarro attacked the divided Incan empire, founded Lima Early colonies: Loose colonial administrations led by gold-hungry Europeans Become more formal administrations as agricultural settlements were established under bureaucrats who arrived from Europe UNEQUAL LABOR SYSTEMS Human labor was vital to producing low -cost goods Population loss from disease increase in imported slave labor in New World Estate agriculture (peasants forced into labor without legal freedom to leave) Beyond slave trade, much of Africa untouched still by Europeans MERCANTILISM Mercantilism: an economic theory popular during 17 th /18 th Prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its capital Government should export more than import Utilize colonies to import raw materials from; minimizes costs RESULTS OF A NEW WORLD Profits from colonies brought in wealth and capital Most white settlers transplanted Western ideas into New World Slavery spread World economy brings benefits to many (sugar) Increasing colonial rivalries New foods and wider trade patterns Imports of silver