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UNIT III: 1450-1750 Why 1450?: “Age of Exploration” 1750?: Political Revolutions Overall Themes: Decline of Nomads (Rise of sea-based empires) RISE OF EUROPE (exploration, Renaissance) “Absolute” Monarchs Consumerism (mercantilism; joint-stock companies) Coercive Labor (slavery, corvée, indentured servitude) Religious Rivalry (Protestant Reformation) Big Picture: Afro-Eurasian Network: Trans-Atlantic Trade: - Silk Roads - Indian Ocean Trade -Trans-Saharan Trade -“Triangle” of trade - “Columbian” Exchange Indian Ocean Hub: - Chinese goods - Indian goods -Arab/European traders Circa 1300 1. Pop. decline (Black Plague, 1348)…then Pop. growth (2nd Ag. Rev.) 2. Feudalism in Japan & W. Europe 3. Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in China – Russia under Golden Horde 4. Mali at height 5. Delhi Sultanate in India (Islamic, decline of Buddhism) 6. Founding of Ottoman Dynasty (1281) 7. Decline of Byzantium Think about it… What will change… What will continue? What societies are in the best position to take advantage of new technologies & new discoveries? Ming China (1368-1644) Chinese Dynasty Song Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han shang, joe, chin, hahn Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song sway, tang, soong Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao and Deng Mao and Deng yooan, ming, ching, Republic mou and dang Chinese Dynasty Song Sing-a-Long.m4v Ming China • Erased all signs of Mongols – Neo-Confucianism (strict social structure) Emperor-scholar-gentry-farmers-artisans-merchants • Eunuchs play growing role (Zheng He) • Rebuilt Great Wall • Became isolationist MING CHINA •Pop. Explosion - champa rice production (S.E. Asia) • Chinese goods bought in Asia & Europe - paper, porcelain, silks - Europeans traded in CANTON only - traded for silver Exploration & Decline The eunuch Zheng He sails: - 7 voyages across Indian Ocean - Then isolationist! Ming Decline: corrupt gov’t, public works fail, foreign threats * Conquered by Manchus Tokugawa Shogunate • New capital at Edo (Tokyo) • Feudal bureaucracy • Rigid social structure (Neo-Confucianism) • Began to restrict foreign trade: - banned Christianity & Western books - only Dutch & Chinese could trade at Nagasaki ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years. Who really had the power in Japan? The “Gunpowder” Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, & Mughals Ottoman Turks (1281-1914) • “Gunpowder” empire (land-based) • Led by Sultan - empire at height under Suleiman the Magnificent - absolute monarch, theocracy • Bureaucracy: Grand Vizier (real power) - “millet” system: religious units for taxing • Military: Janissary Corps soldiers (kidnapped European Christian boys who used guns) DECLINE: Sultans neglect power, overexpansion, corruption; Lack of military Westernization! Mughal Empire: (1526-1739) • Akbar the Great: stressed tolerance – attempt to unite Hinduism & Islam – Sikhism • cotton textile trade w/ Europeans DECLINE: Corruption, outdated military, high taxes, religious conflict, foreign invaders Which of the following was NOT a cause of decline of the Mughal Empire? (A) centralized government returned to local political organizations (B) foreign countries gained increasing influence (C) leaders failed to bridge differences between Hindus and Muslims (D) cost of warfare and defensive efforts to protect northern border drained treasury Age of Exploration Portugal: • New tech: caravels, astrolabe, compass • W.Africa: sugar plantations & African slave trade • Indian Ocean trade: spices, cotton, salt • Brazil – SUGAR Spain: Gold, God, & Glory Spain: • L. America • Used Incan corvee labor system of “mita” to control indigenous people Dutch: • Dutch East India Company: joint-stock company owned by the crown, funded by private investors • S.E. Asia: controlled the Strait of Malaca for spice trade • N. America: fur trade; plantations • South Africa: way station England: • English Civil War: Cromwell leads Parliament against royal Cavalier army Glorious Revolution: English Bill of Rights (1689) • Constitutional Monarchy • Enlightenment Ideas • American colonies What characterized European social & economic life between the mid-1400’s & the mid-1700’s? I. Mercantilism as the economic philosophy. II. Population growth slowed during the 1600s. III. The slavery trade decreased. IV. The first companies & stock markets emerged. (A) I only (B) I and IV (C) I, II, and III (D) II, III, and IV France • Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIV - “ I am the State” - Palace of Versailles • Mercantilism (Jean Baptiste Colbert): economic self-sufficiency; acquire bullion • fur-trading (Quebec); sugar (Haiti) Americas (1450-1750) • Population impacts: disease; goods; ethnic – small pox – “Columbian exchange” – “Castas”: Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos, Mulattos Africans, Amerindians & Zambos • Encomienda System (indigenous labor in fields) The Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans. “Middle Passage”: Slavery -Brazil: biggest slave importer -last to ban slavery Commodities: Sugar, Silver, & Slaves • Which of the following was NOT a demographic effect on Africans due to the Columbian Exchange? (A) gradual population increase after new crops become established in Africa (B) many Africans became Christianized (C) syncretism of Christianity with indigenous African religions (D) more females were taken as African slaves than males to the Americas African Empires: Slaves in exchange for guns, horses, rum • Kingdom of Benin • Kongo: King Afonso (wrote letter to Port. King) E. Africa: Swahili coast (Muslim traders) - spices, slaves, ivory, gold from Zimbabwe Russia • Political hierarchy: Czar, Boyars, Cossacks (warriors), serfs • Russian Orthodox Church • Peter the Great: pro-westernization – capital to St. Petersburg – shave beards Changing Beliefs • Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther’s 95 Theses; split from Catholicism) • Neo-Confucianism (Ming revive Mandate) • Missionaries: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Intellectual Development • Scientific Revolution: weakens Church power • Enlightenment: “natural” rights & freedoms • Renaissance: patronage of the arts Be able to compare the following: • Imperial systems: European monarchies vs. land-based “Gunpowder” empires • Coercive labor systems • Empire building in Asia, Africa & Europe • Russia’s interaction with the west compared to others Which of the following was more of a social group than an ethnic group in the Americas? (A) Mestizos (B) Africans (C) Peninsulares (D) Mulattos Which of the following was NOT an accurate description of interactions with the West? (A) China remained relatively isolated allowing limited contacts in selected ports (B) Russia had a mistrust of European ideas and only allowed Enlightened ideas that challenged the autocratic system (C) Japan eventually ordered missionaries to leave and only allowed the Dutch to trade out of Nagasaki (D) Mughal India allowed British access to trading ports, but eventually the British took control of local affairs Which of the following was NOT a difference between land-based empires and water-based empires? (A) land-based empires were usually ruled by a central administration (B) water-based empires pursued technological advances more due to competition with other nations (C) land-based empires focused more on domestic problems more than territorial expansion abroad (D) water-based empires influenced indigenous people on multiple continents