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An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1400-1800 Chapter 19 Background By 1400, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders • Renaissance encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity • Printing press spread ideas and new maps and charts I. Causes of European Exploration #1- New Trade Routes • People want wealth; achieve that through trade Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper) Introduced during Crusades; people still demanded goods once wars ended Demand greater than supply= high prices Causes of European Exploration (cont’d) #2- Spread Christianity • Crusades left hostility between Christians and Muslims • Europeans believed they had a sacred duty to continue fighting Muslims and to convert non-Christians Causes of European Exploration (cont’d) #3- New Exploration Technologies • Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against the wind • Astrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees; used to calculate latitude (perfected by Muslims) • Compass: magnetically tracked direction (Chinese invention) II. Portugal leads the way A. Portugal was 1st to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa B. Prince Henry: son of Portugal’s king • • Nation’s most enthusiastic supporter of exploration Conquered Muslim city in North Africa where he discovered exotic wealth never found in Europe (cinnamon, cloves, pepper, silver, gold, jewels. III. Spain also makes claim A. Christopher Columbus • 1492 he convinced Spain (although he was Italian) to pay for his plan to find a trade route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean Spain also makes claim (cont’d) • October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island which he mistook for the East Indies (AKA Indonesia.) Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased tension between Spain and Portugal. Spain also makes claim (cont’d) • He drew the Line of Demarcation: imaginary North/South line that gave lands on the east to Portugal (light green) and the lands on the west to Spain • 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas: they agreed to honor the line. IV. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean With new trade routes came conflict. European nations scrambled to establish profitable trading posts as they battle natives and each other Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d) A. Portugal • Built huge trading empire by capturing many Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons mounted on their ships) B. English and Dutch • • • 1600 they began to challenge Portugal Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000 vessels Both formed East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and raise armies. V. China: Ming Dynasty Europeans had ports all over the Indian and Asian coasts and were now looking for more sources of wealth. They found it in China, then Japan. By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the Mongol rulers and had united under new leadership: the Ming Dynasty China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d) A. Ming Dynasty: dominant power in Asia from 1368-1644 • Hongwu: commanded a rebel army that drove out the Mongols in 1368 and became the 1st Ming Emperor Promoted reforms to restore agricultural lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of Mongols, & promote China’s power and prosperity China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d) • Hongwu eventually dies, his son (Yonglo) takes over. He was very curious of the world so he launched 7 voyages of exploration. • Zheng He led all 7 voyages 40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting ships, storage vessels, and “treasure” ships (400 ft long!) Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders. China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d) B. China’s trade policies reflected isolation • Only government officials were allowed to conduct foreign trade through 3 coastal ports • However, smuggling went on up and down the ports VI. China: Qing Dynasty A. Manchus: people of Manchuria (west of the Great Wall) invaded China and took over the Ming (had ruled for 200 yrs) • • Qing Dynasty: name taken of the Manchus as they ruled for 260 yrs Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet The Atlantic World Objectives: • Know who Christopher Columbus was and what he did. • Know who Cortes was and what he did. • Know who Pizarro was and what he did. • Describe how the English and the French split up North America and how the English won the French and Indian War. • Know the effect of colonization on the Native Americans. • Know what the nature of the slave trade was and how horrific it was. Christopher Columbus • You may have heard how in 1492, he sailed the ocean blue. • He also sailed it in 1493, 1498, and 1502. • While he was Italian (and may even have been Jewish), he was working for the Spanish, specifically the monarchs King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Both Spain and Portugal start exploring the Americas in earnest. • Spain claims a bunch. • Portugal takes modern-day Brazil. As we know, the Treaty of Tordesillas settles out their claims. Aztecs • Existed from the 1300’s to the 1500’s. • Based their empire in the city of Tenochtitlan – modern day Mexico City. • It was at this location that the Aztecs supposedly saw a vision of an eagle holding a snake while perched on a prickly pear cactus. Sound familiar? The Incas • The Incan civilization was located in modern-day Peru. • They lasted from about 1200 to 1550. Spanish Conquest • The Incas are eventually conquered by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1532, not long after Cortez took out the Aztecs. North America • The English and the French just ignored the Treaty of Tordesillas and started colonizing in what was supposed to be Spanish land. • The French mainly colonized up in the Canada region, hence founding Montreal and Quebec. • They also claimed land down the Mississippi River. English • They founded the colony of Jamestown in Virginia that was nearly a complete disaster. • The English Puritans/Pilgrims founded Plymouth in now Massachusetts. • It’s often said they were looking for religious freedom. Kinda true… they were looking for religious freedom for themselves, not for anyone else. They weren’t pluralists and weren’t religiously tolerant. Slave trade • Lasted from about the 1500’s until 1870, when it was officially ended. • Some estimates say the Atlantic slave trade transported up to 40 million Africans to places elsewhere. • Generally what happened is that the Europeans or African tribes would capture other Africans. They would then sell the captured people to the Europeans. They’d get guns or some such in return. • Slavery was fairly common in both Africa and the world at the time. The institution had a long tradition in world history. Therefore, it wasn’t seen for being as abhorrent as it actually was. • Making the journey was extremely hazardous. • Slaves were packed shoulder to shoulder in tightlypacked compartments. • The Atlantic trade is sometimes known as the triangle trade. Absolute Monarchs of Europe Ch. 21 Philip II • Son of Charles V • Took power after Charles V divided his empire into 5 parts and retired to a monastery. – Inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and the American Colonies. • Philip was considered shy, serious, and deeply religious. • Philip’s guarded personality left many people suspicious of him, and he was equally suspicious of other people. – His court historian wrote, “His smile and his dagger were very close.” Philip’s Empire • Thanks to the American Colonies, Spain was becoming very rich. – Between 1550 and 1650, Spain had imported 339,000 pounds of gold and 16,000 tons of silver from the Americas. – Free money, thanks to mercantilism!!! Defender of Catholicism Philip II took the throne while Europe was experiencing many religious wars. 1571, Philip sent the Spanish Armada to fight against the Ottoman Empire’s Navy The Battle at Lepanto was one of the world most decisive battles, with the Spanish Armada completely destroying the Ottoman Empire’s Navy. Later, he battled against Protestant England. Didn’t fare as well. His fleet was defeated. These many religious battles, along with rising inflation from all of that free money from the American Colonies, would eventually cause the Spanish state to declare bankruptcy! King Louis XIV His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days. longest documented reign of any European monarch. Became ruler when he was only 5 When he first became king, the true ruler of France was Cardinal Mazarin. Many nobles hated Mazarin because he increased taxes and strengthened the central government. During many of the riots, Louis’ young life was threatened by the upset nobles. Louis remembered this and determined to become so powerful that he could never be threatened again. His hatred of the nobles would later affect France’s balance of power. When Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661, the 23 year-old Louis took control of the government. Louis: Smart guy, bad decisions War 1667- invaded Spanish Netherlands 1672-invaded Dutch Netherlands 1680’s- many other minor wars with small European countries 1689- Many European countries joined together to defeat France. Now, even the small countries had the protection of the powerful nations. Result • Frequent wars, massive taxation, and a series of poor harvests brought great suffering to the French people. • The people were tired of the King Louis. • When he died in 1715, the people of France rejoiced. Ivan • Became ruler when he was only 3. • The boyars, or nobles, tried to control Ivan when he • was young. At the age of 16, he claimed the throne and crowned himself czar. – A Czar is an absolute ruler, taken from the Roman “Caesar” • Married the beautiful Anastasia • From 1547 to 1560 were known as Ivan’s good period. – Won great war victories, passed many good laws, and ruled justly Rise of the Romanovs • Ivan’s son was both physically and mentally incapable of ruling over Russia. – After he died without an heir, Russia went through the “Time of Troubles” in which many boyars were fighting for the throne. • Eventually, representatives met and chose Michael Romanov, grandnephew of Anastasia, as the next leader. Peter the Great • A descendant of Michael Romanov, Peter at first had to share the throne with his feeble- minded half brother. – Eventually, Peter became the sole ruler of Russia. • Came to be known as Peter the Great because he was one of Russia’s greatest leaders and reformers. • He was a big man, over 6’6” tall!!! Peter visits the West • 1 year after becoming czar, he embarked on the “Grand Embassy”, a long visit to Western Europe. – His goal was to learn more about Western Europe’s customs and industrial techniques. • On his journey, he insisted on keeping his identity secret. – This was hard to conceal, considering he traveled with 200 servants and 55 boyars. – Still, he dressed in plain clothes and would rebuke anyone who addressed him as “Sire” or “Your Majesty.” • He visited England and Austria before returning home. A New Capital Peter believed Russia’s future depended on having a warm water seaport. To promote education and growth, Peter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West. He began building the new capital on the swampy, unhealthy lands close to the Baltic Sea. An estimated 25,000 to 100,000 died from disease and poor working conditions while building St. Petersburg, which is named after Peter’s patron saint. When it was finished, he ordered many of the Russian nobles to leave the comforts of Moscow and relocate to St. Petersburg.