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Unit II: Classical Greece and Rome Ch. 5 Ancient Greece Map of Ancient Greece Geography: The Sea – Mountainous peninsula – 2,000 islands – No one more than 85 miles from sea – Sea travel linked parts of Greece – Connected Greece to other civilizations – Trade important – Fishing The Land – 3/4 covered by mountains – Divided land into regions – Small independent political communities – Transportation difficult – Few roads – Land rocky – Only 1/4 of land arable – Population small – Colonies The Climate – Moderate climate – Perfect for outdoor life – Many outdoor public events – Gatherings of men to discuss politics, news, and events Greek Civilization Develops • Mycenaeans: IndoEuropeans settle in Greece • Warrior-king ruled walled city of Mycenae • Interaction with Minoans by 1500 B.C. – – – – Influenced to trade Adopt Greek language Adopt Greek religion Adopt Greek art, politics, and literature The Trojan War • Trojan prince kidnaps Helen, the wife of a Greek king • Begins a 10 year war between Greece and Troy • Troy defeated by Trojan horse filled with soldiers Decline of Greek Culture • Trojan War ends (1200 B.C.) • Attacked by sea warriors who burned cities • Land settled by Dorians – Less advanced than Mycenaeans • Oral tradition kept history alive – Homer: epic poems • The Iliad • The Odyssey Greek Myths • Stories about their gods • Explained mysteries of nature • Explained human passions – Gods assumed human qualities • Love, hate, jealousy – Constant fighting with one another Greek City-States • Mountainous geography isolates city-states • City-state also called a polis • Each city-state has its own government • Citizens meet on hilltop called acropolis or at the agora or the marketplace Governing in Greece • Monarchy – Rule by a king • Oligarchy – Rule by a few powerful people • Aristocracy – Rule by a small group of noble landowners • Democracy – Rule by the people Athenian Democracy • Draco: Athenian ruler – Legal code – All citizens, rich and poor, equal in eyes of the law • Solon – All citizens can participate in government assembly • Cleisthenes – Increased power of assembly • Boys educated – Logic and public speaking to help participate in assembly Spartan Military State • Labor in Sparta by slave labor (helots) • Men served in the army until they reached 60 – March, exercise, train – Live in barracks • Girls expected to be strong, healthy, and athletic – More freedom than Athenian girls Persian Wars • Fought between Greece and Persia • Persia tries to take Greek colonies • Use of the phalanx • Powerful Persian army defeated by Greeks • Unexpected defeat • Gave Greeks great confidence Persian Wars • Battle of Marathon – Greek phalanx – Pheidippides ran to Athens to announce defeat of Persians • Persians defeated Greeks at Thermopylae • Greeks defeat Persians for good at Salamis • Adds to Greek confidence and freedom The Golden Age of Greece • Pericles plan – Introduced direct democracy – Strengthen Athenian navy – Build great buildings and sculptures to make Athen s beautiful Golden Age of Art and Architecture • Art – Giant sculptures – Emphasis on beauty of humans • Architecture – Emphasis on balance, harmony, and proportion – columns Drama and History • Tragedy: drama about hate, war, or betrayal • Comedy: made fun of politicians and famous people • History written by historians like Thuycidides Philosophers • Socrates – “Socratic Method”: question students – Examine your beliefs and morality – Quote: “There is only one good-knowledge; and there is only one evil-ignorance.” – Sentenced to death for corrupting youth of Athens Philosophers • Plato – Student of Socrates – Wrote book The Republic – Ideal political society • Farmers and artisans • Warriors • Rulers: philosopher/kings Philosophers • Aristotle – Student of Plato – Explained nature in the world – Wrote books about psychology, physics, biology, and logic – Basis for Scientific Method Alexander the Great • Greece weakened by Peloponnesian Wars • Alexander took control of Greece after death of his father • Assembled large army and began the spread of Hellenistic (Greek) culture Alexander’s Empire • Spread Greek ideas and language to Egypt, Persian Empire, and to India • Fought 11 years, then soldiers refused • Merger of Greek and Persian culture emerged Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria • Trade and cultural center – Trade ships from around the Mediterranean – Cultural diversity – Beauty of Alexandria • • • • • Wide streets Palaces Statues of Greek gods Lighthouse by the harbor Museum and library Ancient Mediterranean