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By: Jonathan Marston Dominion Christian High School, Marietta, GA The Geography of Greece Greek City States • Greeks lacked political unity • Mountains hindered and isolated Greeks from one another • Greeks built their cities at the foot of a hill: • Defensive walls • Polis: city-state. Basic political unit of Greece • Acropolis: fortress on top of a hill Greek agora • large open space that served as a public square and civic center Citizens • Males and females were citizens • Male citizens could vote, pass on their property and participate in public life • Women: did not vote • No rights: slaves and resident aliens (people from somewhere else) Types of Greek government • Monarchy: king • Received advice from a council of nobles and a popular assembly • Oligarchy: rule by a few (council of nobles) • Tyranny: Rule by force. • Democracy: Rule by the people Sparta: Then and Now SPARTA Sparta • Located on the southern part called the Peloponnesus • Rigid hierarchical society • Dominated by warrior elite • Physical enslavement of its neighbors Spartan Citizenship • Spartiates: elites. Full citizens • Perioici: neighboring communities who were allowed local autonomy but subject to serve in the Spartan army. • Helots: class of serfs who worked the land of the Spartan citizen. They were kept under control by maintenance of the social order. Spartan politics: A “Mixed Constitution” • Dual kingship • Administration: 5 ephors (overseers)Acted as a check to the kings • Council of 30 Elders (over age 60) advised the king and served as a court • All adult males over the age of 30 deliberated in a general assembly Spartans trained for war • Social cohesion was maintained by raising boys away from their families • Agoge: educational system trained boys as warriors • Crypteia: (secret commission) forced boys to live off the land and learn physical endurance. • Men lived with their peers, dining together in common messes. Here they would form relationships that would last throughout their military career and beyond Spartan warrior Greek phalanx: stinks to be the guy on the end ATHENS: Yesterday & Today Athens • • • • • • • Commercialism Trade Naval power Democracy Creativity Individualism The antithesis of Sparta Athens • Monarchy ended in 683 B.C. • Managed by 3 to 9 archons (administrators) elected annually by an assembly in which all male citizens could vote • Served one year • Areopagus: permanent council of 300 plus ex archons Reform in Athens • Draco (621 B.C.) First reformer Clarified law on homicide distinguishing between voluntary and involuntary homicide (Early societies frowned upon any kind of homicide) Recognize basis for justice and did away with forcing citizens to rely on the dictates of tribal elders. 6th century B.C. • Period of rapid change throughout Greece • More manufacturing and greater trade contributed to social upheaval and widespread instability. • Led to tyrants • Solon: “father of the Athenian Constitution” Solon • Elected archon (administrator) in 594: tried to protect both the common people and the elite • A. Cancelled all agricultural debts and forbade further borrowing against the body (No slavery) • B. No products could be exported except olive oil • B. Formalized the rights and privileges of each social class according to wealth, not birth (only top two classes could hold office) Men could improve their status in life • C. published Athens laws • D. Solon’s reforms set Athens on the road to democracy by strengthening the rule of law • Background: Athenian farmers tried to feed the entire region around Athens. Some farmers borrowed from others who were better off and had gone so deeply in debt in the form of grain that they lost their land and had even fallen into slavery by pledging their body as security for more food. Pisistratus (Tyrant) 546-528 B.C.) • Popularly supported by poorer farmers • Gave land to his supporters • Built temples to Athena and Zeus Cleisthenes • Created council of 500 members to prepare business for the general assembly, which was popularly elected • All males over 30 were eligible to serve for one year in the general assembly • Councillors to 500 member council were chosen by lot (good chance every eligible Athenian would be called to serve once in his lifetime) Persian Wars: 499 BC – 480 BC Persian Wars • • • • • • • • • • • • • Chronology of the Persian Wars 499 B.C. Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor revolt from Persian Empire 498. Athens takes part in burning of Sardis in Persian Empire 496: Persians besiege Miletus, the leading city in the revolt 494: Fall of Miletus 493: End of Ionian Revolt (Persia seeks revenge for Athenian involvement) 492: Persian expedition to northern Greece suffers heavy losses in storms 490: Battle of Marathon near Athens; Persians defeated. 486: Death of King Darius of Persia; accession of Xerxes 484-480. Xerxes prepares for new invasion of Greece 480. Persian army sets out from Sardis 480. Battle of Thermopylae and Artemisium 480. Battle of Salamis 479. Battle of Plataea Darius I and Xerxes: Persian menaces Persia vs. Ancient Greece (freedom) • Freedom of Speech • City States were based on the consent of the governed (freedom to choose government) • Greeks could buy and sell property and pass it on (the essence of freedom) • Freedom of action: to fight or not • Persians: forced to serve. If they questioned authority, they were decapitated. • Free citizens are better warriors since they fight for themselves, not for kings. They accept a greater degree of discipline than either coerced or hired soldiers. Persian Empire under Darius I Persian Wars: Famous Battles $ Marathon (490 BC) Athenian infantry routed the Persians. Athenians lost 192 men and the Persians lost 6,400 men. $ Thermopylae (480 BC) $ 26 miles from Athens 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass. Greek loss. Salamis (480 BC) Athenian navy led by Themistocles destroys Persian fleet $ Plataea (479 B.C.) Greek army led by Spartans defeat Persians Battle of Marathon Phidippides “Hail we rejoice.” On the way to Marathon from Athens Present Day Thermopylae Battle of Thermopylae King Leonidas • "300" vs. reality Battle of Salamis Xerxes watching the destruction of his fleet at Salamis Themistocles: Victor at Salamis Plataea: Persians defeated in land battle