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World History Chapter 4 The Rise of Ancient Greece 5/22/2017 1 Chapter 4, Section 1, Beginnings Overview The Aegean Area Aegean Civilizations Poets and Heroes A Family of Deities 5/22/2017 2 Objectives Understand how being close to the sea made the Greeks seafarers Know where and how the early civilizations of Greece developed 5/22/2017 3 Did You Know? One of the adventures in Homer’s “Odyssey” involved a one-eyed giant— called a Cyclops—who shut Odysseus in his cave and blocked the entrance with a huge rock. Odysseus made the Cyclops drunk, blinded him by driving a burning stake into his eye while he slept, and escaped by clinging to the belly of a sheep let out to pasture. 5/22/2017 4 The Aegean Area Greece is made up largely of low-lying rugged mountains and a long, indented coastline; the mountains both protected and isolated Ancient Greeks on the mainland, who never united under one government. The Greeks did speak one language and had the same religion Many Greeks earned their livings on the sea; the mild climate allowed Greeks to spend much of their time outdoors 5/22/2017 5 The Aegean Area Greeks turned to become fishers, traders and pirates. The climate allowed people to spend time outdoors, assembling for meetings and performing plays. 5/22/2017 6 Aegean Civilizations The Minoans Greek myth referred to the existence of an early civilization on the island of Crete; archaeologists have since unearthed remains of this Minoan civilization, which flourished from about 2500 to 1450 B.C. The Minoans were the first in the Aegean Region. British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans who discovered Minoan remains about 1900 A.D. 5/22/2017 7 The Minoans (cont) The Minoan civilization, which earned its living from sea trade, reached its peak around 1600 B.C.; it collapsed about 250 years later. Both men and women curled their hair, bedecked themselves with gold jewelry, set off narrow waists with wide metal belts. Minoan woman enjoyed a higher status than many other civilizations. Minoan ships help keep the seas free from pirates 5/22/2017 8 The Minoans (cont) Minoan ships dominated the Mediterranean Ships protected coast—no need for walls The destruction or collapse of the Minoan civilization believed by a tidal wave after an earthquake or from attack from Mycenaeans 5/22/2017 9 Aegean Civilizations The Mycenaeans The Mycenaeans, from Indo-European peoples of central Asia, began moving from their homeland around 2000 B.C. When they entered the Balkan Peninsula, the Mycenaeans intermarried with local people, known as the Hellenes, and set up a group of kingdoms. 5/22/2017 10 The Mycenaeans (con’t) The palaces in the center of Mycenae served as government offices The Mycenaeans adopted many Minoan cultural elements: metalworking, shipbuilding, and navagation Each kingdom created centered around a hilltop. Stone walls circled the fortress. 5/22/2017 11 The Mycenaeans (cont) Made swords of bronze Kept good records and collected taxes based on wealth Wheat Livestock Honey 5/22/2017 12 The Mycenaeans and the Dorians By the mid-1400s B.C.,the Mycenaeans had conquered the Minoans and controlled the Aegean area Soon after 1100 B.C., however, the Greekspeaking Dorians conquered Greece from the North Myceneaen walls weakened by civil war Dorians had iron weapons 5/22/2017 13 The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ionians Historians call the next 300 years of Greek history a “dark age” because overseas trade stopped, people lost skills, and poverty increased. Large numbers of Greeks flee the Dorian influence and go to Aegean islands and across the Aegean Sea to Asian Minor and a place called Ionia. 5/22/2017 14 The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ionians By 750 B.C. the Ionians reintroduced culture, crafts and skills to Greece…mostly Mycenaean. New Greek culture called Hellenic flourished from 700s until 336 B.C. Ionians introduce Phoenician alphabet and other cultural elements in Ionia and their former homeland. 5/22/2017 15 The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ionians The Phoenician alphabet limits Greek reading and writing to just 24 letters and made learning simpler. The Dorian “Dark Ages” went away and a new Greek civilization formed from mostly Mycenaean elements. 5/22/2017 16 Poets and Heroes During “Dark Ages”, bards—singing story tellers—kept Mycenaean traditions alive Now able to write, Greeks began to record bard stories 5/22/2017 17 The Iliad and the Odyssey According to tradition, an eighth-century B.C. blind poet named Homer composed the two most famous Greek epics “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” Set during and after the legendary Trojan War in the mid-1200s B.C. Mycenaeans fought Trojans mid 1200s A.D. 5/22/2017 18 Chapter 4, Section 2, The Polis Greek Colonies and Trade The Typical Polis Political and Social Change 5/22/2017 19 Objectives Know how economic prosperity brought significant political and social changes to the Greek citystates Understand that the Greeks founded colonies throughout the area of the Mediterranean and Black Seas 5/22/2017 20 Places to Locate Athens Sparta 5/22/2017 21 The Typical Polis A typical polis included a city and the surrounding villages, fields, and orchards; on the top of the acropolis in the center of the city stood the temple of the local deity, and at the foot of the acropolis citizens gathered to carry out public affairs—the agora. 5/22/2017 22 Objectives Know the difference between the values, cultures, and achievements represented by Sparta and those represented by Athens 5/22/2017 23 People to Know Draco Solon Peisistratus Cleisthenes 5/22/2017 24 Places to Locate Peloponnesus Attica 5/22/2017 25 Role of Women Married at age 19, not 14 (Greece) Increased likelihood of healthy baby More rights accorded Spartan women Could shop marketplace Attend dinners with non-family members Own property in their names Express opinions in public Could not participate in polis government 5/22/2017 26 Sparta’s Government • There were two Spartan kings—an oligarchy • Didn’t have much power • Primarily religious and military leadership 5/22/2017 27 Sparta’s Government The Assembly was made up of all males over 20 and passed laws and made decisions on war and peace. Each year, the Assembly elected five ephors who could veto laws and performed certain administration functions. A Council of Elders, 28 men over 60, proposed laws to Assembly and served as a supreme court. 5/22/2017 28 Result of Militarism Succeeded in holding power over helots for 250 years Suspicious of new ideas and lagged behind other cities in business Much poorer Lagged in intellectual development Exceptional athletes and best protector of Greece 5/22/2017 29 Athens On a peninsula of central Greece named Attica, Mycenaean descendants established the citystate of Athens. The polis was named after the goddess, Athena 5/22/2017 30 Athens Initially, non-landowning citizens could not participate in Athens’s Assembly. Unlike Sparta, Athens gradually expanded its definition of citizenship to include more people Eventually, all free men could be members of the Assembly regardless of what class they belonged to, even the metics— foreign-born citizens 5/22/2017 31 Athens The political change that permitted more people to participate in government reduced much of the friction between social classes. Four successive leaders brought changes 5/22/2017 32 Draco’s Law Code Draco issued an improved code of written laws Aristocrats could no longer dictate what was legal. Some of his laws were harsh: e.g.,death for stealing cabbage. Over time, the term “draconian” has come to mean something cruel and severe. Positive side—the laws were written down and aristocrats could no langer take advantage 5/22/2017 33 Solon’s Reforms Leader of Athens 594 B.C. Cancelled all debts and freed debtors from slavery Solon improved economic conditions, promoted trade, fostered industry, and introduced political reforms that moved Athens toward democracy Ordered fathers to teach sons a trade Established 2-house government for political equality 5/22/2017 34 Radical Reformers Peistratus (pih*SIHS*truh*tuhs) divided large estates among landless farmers extended citizenship to men who did not own land offered the poor loans and jobs. 5/22/2017 35 Radical Reformers Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C. Introduced laws that established democracy Sought to End local rivalries Break power of aristocracy Extend guarantees to more citizens Reorganize central government 5/22/2017 36 Athenian Democracy Cleisthenes, the fourth leader to help reform Athens, established democracy for Athens; under Cleisthenes’ constitution, the Assembly won increased powers and fully emerged as the major political body. 5/22/2017 37 Athenian Democracy All citizens could become a member of the Assembly. The Assembly served as a supreme court and appointed generals to run the military. 5/22/2017 38 Athenian Democracy Each year in a lottery, Athenian citizens chose members of the Council of 500, who carried out daily government business. Citizens favored a lottery believing all citizens were capable of holding office. Elections, in their view, would unfavorably favor the rich who had the advantage fame and training in public speaking. 5/22/2017 39 Athenian Democracy Although only 20 percent of Athenians were citizens, ancient Athens laid the foundation for the Western concept of democratic government. Because Athens expected every citizen to hold public office at some time in his life, it required Athenian citizens to educate their sons; girls rarely received a formal education. 5/22/2017 40 Athenian Democracy Jury system decided court cases From 201 to 1001 members The more jurors, the less likelihood that they would be bribed, threatened, or show prejudice Cleisthenes reforms lasted 200 years Foundation for Western concept of democracy 5/22/2017 41 Athenian Education Athenian men educated because they were expected to hold public office Women rarely educated Household duties—baking, weaving, etc. Private tutors educated wealthy boys Agora was location for much education Boys entered school at 7, graduate at 18 5/22/2017 42 Athenian Education Main textbooks were Iliad and Odyssey Knew them by heart Arithmetic, drawing, geometry, art, music 5/22/2017 43 Discussion: Sparta vs Athens Sparta represented: The military Monarchy Severe, simple style of living Athens represented: The arts Democracy Which values do you appreciate most? Given the times, which values would provide for more security, foreign and domestic, for the given citystates. 5/22/2017 44 Chapter 4, section 4 War, Glory, and Decline The Persian Wars The Golden Age of Athens The Peloponnesian Wars 5/22/2017 45 People to Meet Darius I Xerxes Themistocles Leonidas Pericles Aspasia 5/22/2017 46 The Persian Wars In 546 B.C., Persia, led by Cyrus II, conquered the Greek city-states in Ionia Ionians disliked them Considered them to be barbarians Ionians revolted against the Persians Athens and others helped, but Darius and his Persians defeated them Darius decided to punish the Greeks 5/22/2017 47 Marathon Darius sent his fleet directly across the Aegean Sea north of Athens. The Athenians were outnumbered 20,000 to 10,000. The Persians decided to pack up and attack Athens directly, but at the moment of loading their ships back up, the Athenians attacked. As the Persian army was standing in knee deep water waiting to board the ships, the Athenians attacked downhill and it was a rout—Persians lost 6,400 men; Athenians lost 192 men. 5/22/2017 48 Salamis The Persians returned 10 years later and leading the army was Xerxes, son of Darius with 200,000 soldiers. Off shore supply ships accompanied them. The Greeks faced the Persians again, this time under Spartan leadership The Oracle at Delphi, a few years earlier, had said Greece would be shielded by a wooden wall Athenian general Themistocles believed that meant ships 5/22/2017 49 Salamis To challenge the Persians at sea, a delaying action had to be established The Greek army set up a delaying action on land, led by King Leonidas of Sparta; knowing that a traitor had showed the Persians a way to attack the Greeks and realizing that he would soon be surrounded, Leonidas neverthelsss stayed to face his death. The Athenians, led by Leonidas, held off the Persians for three days with his 7,000 Athenian soldiers. Leonidas sent most of the soldiers to escape to fight another day but put in a delaying action using 300 Spartans 5/22/2017 50 Thermopylae—The Mountain Pass The site where King Leonidas chose to make his stand. The pass was narrow allowing the Greeks to have the advantage against the large force of the Persians. King Leonidas chose to fight to the death—as their polis law called for 5/22/2017 51 Themistocles—The Battle Near the Island of Salamis The delaying action by King Leonidas allowed another spartan general, Themistocles, to defeat the Persians in the Salamis Strait. He destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet near the island of Salamis. Themistocles judged his faster, smaller ships could defeat the Persians in the narrow Strait of Salamis After the battle of the Island of Salamis, the Persians returned to Asia Minor for good, and Athens emerged a powerful and self-confident city-state. 5/22/2017 52 The Golden Age of Athens The period 461 B.C. to 429 B.C. was the period most of the Greek achievements in the arts and sciences took place in Athens during this time. The Athenian general Pericles rebuilt Athens into the most beautiful city in Greece; its most famous structure, the Parthenon, still stands. 5/22/2017 53 Athenian Daily Life Athenian men usually worked in the morning as farmers, artisans, and merchants, before attending the Assembly or exercising in the gymnasium; slaves generally did the heavy work in craft production and mining, while women worked at home or in the market. Athenians kept their homes simple but their public buildings were very lavish. 5/22/2017 54 Athenian Daily Life Athenian house contained two main rooms with several smaller ones around a central courtyard. The dining room for entertaining and frequently had couches. Athenian wives would not join their husbands unless there were no guests. 5/22/2017 55 Work for the Men and Women Usually worked in the morning then went to the gymnasium in the afternoon. Slaves did the heavy work—one third of the population. Women spent making time at home, cooking and making wool cloth. Upper class Athenian men spent time in the symposium—basically a drinking session followed by a banquet. Women were not allowed. The discussed literature, philosophy, and public issues. 5/22/2017 56 Aspasia As some freedom became allowed for some classes of women, she invited women into her home and gave them advice on home, education, and how to gain more freedom. Her recommendations to women for more responsibility in society led to charges against her She was charged with “impiety” (disloyalty to the gods) but was acquitted. 5/22/2017 57 The Peloponnesian War With the ongoing threat of the Persians, Athens formed the Delian league of city-states for protection…Sparta would not participate. The treasury was kept on the sacred island of Delos. The League freed the Ionians from Persian rule, cleared the seas of pirates, and fostered (promoted and helped) trade. 5/22/2017 58 The Athenian Empire Athens transformed the Delian League into an Athenian empire. Athens began to dominate other city-states The empire required the use of the same coins and made other changes that were for all citystates to adopt 5/22/2017 59 The Conflict The Peloponnesian War lasted from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C. Sparta formed an alliance against Athens. They didn’t have a navy but used money the Persians gave them for giving Ionia back to the Persians to buy ships and prep for war. The Spartan-led alliance eventually destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege to Athens itself. The Athenians surrendered in 404 B.C. 5/22/2017 60 The Conflict Athens developed many problems A disease—probably typhus--killed a third of its population Pericles died from the disease Athens couldn’t come to a decision about making peace with Sparta Athenian allies switched sides and joined the Spartans 5/22/2017 61 Effects of the War The Peloponnesian War brought disaster to the Greek city-states, both victors and vanquished Populations declined, much land was destroyed, and unemployment caused many men to become hired soldiers in the Persian army The Greeks also lost faith in democracy. The length of the war caused people to think only of making money. 5/22/2017 62 Effects of the War Feelings between aristocrats and commoners became more strained. People began to look down on free political discussion. Rulers came and went. City-states were unable to join together for ultimate power. Then came the Macedonians—and someone called Alexander the Great 5/22/2017 63