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Relational Database
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Database Approach
• Data definition language (DDL).
– Permits specification of data types, structures and
any data constraints.
– All specifications are stored in the database.
• Data manipulation language (DML).
– General enquiry facility (query language) of the
data.
Database Approach
• Controlled access to database may
include:
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A security system.
An integrity system.
A concurrency control system.
A recovery control system.
A user-accessible catalog.
• A view mechanism.
– Provides users with only the data they want or need
to use.
Views
• Allows each user to have his or her own
view of the database.
• A view is essentially some subset of the
database.
Views
• Benefits include:
– Reduce complexity;
– Provide a level of security;
– Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance
of the database;
– Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
structure of the database, even if the underlying
database is changed.
Practice
• Open Microsoft Access
• Open Example database
• Insert 3 records into the Department table
Dept Manager
Description
101 017-11-0031
102 018-21-2131
103 019-41-1231
Marketing
Accounting
Customer service
• Create a query to select all department
with Dept=“001”
Basics of the Relational Model
• The relational model represents information in
tables (called relations)
– Each table represents a set of entities
– Each column of a table represents the attribute
values of the entities
– Each row of a table represents a single entity
• The rows of a relational table are unique
• Every table must have a key
Relation Schemas and Keys
• A key declaration is a constraint
– A table is not allowed to have 2 different rows that
have the same value for the key
– Database systems enforce key constraints
• By blocking any attempt to modify a table that will result in a
violation of the key constraint
• A relation schema is the specification of the
structure of a table
– Name of the table
– Name and type of each attribute
– Declaration of the key
Relational Model
Terminology
• A relation is a table with columns
and rows.
– Only applies to logical structure of the
database, not the physical structure.
– Attribute is a named column of a
relation.
• Domain is the set of allowable values
for one or more attributes.
Relational Model
Terminology
• Tuple is a row of a relation.
• Degree is the number of attributes in a
relation.
• Cardinality is the number of tuples in a
relation.
• Relational Database is a collection of
normalized relations with distinct
relation names.
Instances of Branch and
Staff (part) Relations
Examples of Attribute
Domains
Alternative Terminology for
Relational Model
Properties of Relations
• Relation name is distinct from all
other relation names in relational
schema.
• Each cell of relation contains exactly
one atomic (single) value.
• Each attribute has a distinct name.
• Values of an attribute are all from the
same domain.
Properties of Relations
• Each tuple is distinct; there are no
duplicate tuples.
• Order of attributes has no significance.
• Order of tuples has no significance,
theoretically.
Practice
• Inside Microsoft Access, and Example
database. Open the table Department (by
double click)
• Repeat the first row of the table
Department (creating duplication
tuples/record/row)
Relational Keys
• Primary Key
– Candidate key selected to identify tuples
uniquely within relation.
• Alternate Keys
– Candidate keys that are not selected to be
primary key.
• Foreign Key
– Attribute, or set of attributes, within one
relation that matches candidate key of some
(possibly same) relation.
Relational Integrity
• Null
– Represents value for an attribute that is
currently unknown or not applicable for
tuple.
– Deals with incomplete or exceptional data.
– Represents the absence of a value and is
not the same as zero or spaces, which are
values.
Relational Integrity
• Data integrity: state that said the data
contained in a database is correct
• Entity Integrity
– In a base relation, no attribute of a primary
key can be null.
• Referential Integrity
– If foreign key exists in a relation, either
foreign key value must match a candidate
key value of some tuple in its home relation
or foreign key value must be wholly null.
Relational Integrity
Relational Integrity
• Enterprise Constraints/User-defined
constraints
– Additional rules specified by users or
database administrators.
Views
• Base Relation
– Named relation corresponding to an
entity in conceptual schema, whose
tuples are physically stored in
database.
• View
– Dynamic result of one or more
relational operations operating on base
relations to produce another relation.
Relationship types
• One-to-One relationship: each record is
related to only one record in the related
table.
• One-to-Many relationship: each record
in a table can have multiple related
records
• Many-to-Many relationship: each record
in a table can be related to multiple
records in another table and vice versa.
Practice
• Create a table “Employee” with 3 fields:
– SSN: char (11)
– Name: char(100)
– Salary: double
Set SSN as the primary key
• Select Tools -> Relationships -> Select tables
Department -> Add, then Employee -> Add.
• In the Relationship window, draw a connection
from Employee table to Department table
Our Database
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Projects
• Project 1 (database)
– Part 1: create database, tables,
populate data, make links between
tables
– Part 2: modified existing database,
add more tables, links
– Part 3: query
– Part 4: database front-end (form)
– Part 5: advanced forms
– Part 6: reports