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Chapter 10 – Database Management 10.1 An Introduction to Databases 10.2 Editing and Designing Databases 1 10.1 An Introduction to Databases • • • • • Accessing a Database Table Binding to Additional Tables Querying a Table with LINQ Primary and Foreign Keys The Join of Two Tables 2 Sample Table – Cities Table 3 Sample Table – Countries Table 4 Database Terminology • A table is a rectangular array of data. • Each column of the table, called a field, contains the same type of information. • Each row, called a record, contains all the information about one entry in the table. 5 Database Management Software (DBMS) • Used to create databases • Databases contain one or more related tables • Examples of DBMS are Access, Oracle, and SQL Server. • The databases used in this chapter are found in the folder Programs\Ch10\Databases. They were created with Access and have the extension accdb. 6 Megacities.accdb • Contains the two tables Cities and Countries shown earlier. • This database will be used extensively in the examples for this chapter. • Several steps are required to bind to a table of the database. (See the next sixteen slides.) 7 Binding to the Cities Table Add a BindingSource control to the form. (The control is in the Data and All Windows Forms group of the Toolbox. It appears in the form’s component tray with the name BindingSource1.) 8 DataSource Property of BindingSource1 click here 9 Choose Data Source Type select click on Next button 10 Choose Database Model select click on Next button 11 Choose Data Connection click on New Connection button 12 Add Connection Dialog Box click on Change button 13 Change Data Source Box select click on OK button 14 Add Connection Dialog Box click on Browse button 15 Select Database File double-click on Megacities.accdb 16 Add Connection Dialog Box click on OK button 17 Choose Data Connection click on Next button 18 click on Yes button 19 Save to File check this box click on Next button 20 Choose Database Objects check on Tables box click on Finish button 21 Changes in Properties Window and Form 22 After Clicking on DataMember Down-Arrow click on Cities 23 VB Generated Items new icon new code 24 Binding Complete • We are now bound to the Cities table via the MegacitiesDataSet and the CitiesTableAdapter. • The next four slides show how to bind an additional table. 25 Connect an Additional Table Add another BindingSource control to the form. 26 Set DataSource Property click on MegacitiesDataSet 27 Set DataMember Property click on Countries 28 VB Generated Items new icon additional code shows in Load event procedure Me.CountriesTableAdapter.Fill(Me.MegacitiesDataSet.Countries) 29 Example 1: Form txtTotalPop 30 Example 1: Code Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles _ btnDisplay.Click Dim query1 = From city In MegacitiesDataSet.Cities Where city.country = "India" Order By city.pop2010 Descending Select city.name lstOutput.DataSource = query1.ToList lstOutput.SelectedItem = Nothing 31 Example 1: Code (continued) Dim query2 = From city In _ MegacitiesDataSet.Cities Where city.country = "India" Select city.pop2010 txtTotalPop.Text = CStr(query2.Sum) End Sub 32 Example 1: Output 33 Example 2: Form txtName dgvOutput 34 Example 2: Code Dim query = From country In _ MegacitiesDataSet.Countries Where country.name = txtName.Text Select country.name, country.pop2010, country.monetaryUnit If query.Count = 1 Then dgvOutput.DataSource = query.ToList dgvOutput.CurrentCell = Nothing Else MessageBox.Show("Country not found") End If 35 Example 2: Output 36 Example 3: Form dgvOutput 37 Example 3: Code Dim query = From city In _ MegacitiesDataSet.Cities Let popIncrease = city.pop2015 - city.pop2010 Let formattedIncr = FormatNumber(popIncrease, 1) Where popIncrease > 1 Order By popIncrease Descending Select city.name, formattedIncr 38 Example 3: Code (continued) dgvOutput.DataSource = query.ToList dgvOutput.CurrentCell = Nothing dgvOutput.Columns("name").HeaderText = "City" dgvOutput.Columns("formattedIncr").HeaderText = "Population Increase" 39 Example 3: Output 40 Primary Keys • A primary key is used to uniquely identify each record. • Databases of student enrollments in a college usually use a field of student ID numbers as the primary key. • Why wouldn't names be a good choice as a primary key? 41 Primary Key Fields • Specified when database is created. • Every record must have an entry in the primary-key field. • Two records cannot have the same entry in the primary-key field. • This pair of requirements is called the Rule of Entity Integrity. 42 Two or More Tables • When a database contains two or more tables, the tables are usually related. • For instance, the two tables Cities and Countries are related by their country and name fields. • Notice that every entry in Cities.country appears uniquely in Countries.name and Countries.name is a primary key. • We say that Cities.country is a foreign key of Countries.name. 43 Foreign Keys • Foreign keys can be specified when a table is first created. Visual Basic will insist on the Rule of Referential Integrity. • This Rule says that each value in the foreign key must also appear in the primary key of the other table. 44 Join • A foreign key allows Visual Basic to link (or join) two tables from a relational database • When the two tables Cities and Countries from Megacities.accdb are joined based on the foreign key Cities.country, the result is the table in the next slide. • The record for each city is expanded to show its country’s population and its monetary unit. 45 A Join of Two Tables 46 Beginning of Query to Join the Two Tables from Megacities Dim query = From city In _ MegacitiesDataSet.Cities Join country In MegacitiesDataSet.Countries On city.country Equals country.name 47 Example 6: Form 48 Example 6: Code for Load Event Me.CountriesTableAdapter.Fill(Me.MegacitiesDataSet.Countries) Me.CitiesTableAdapter.Fill(Me.MegacitiesDataSet.Cities) Dim query = From country In _ MegacitiesDataSet.Countries Order By country.monetaryUnit Ascending Select country.monetaryUnit Distinct lstCurrencies.DataSource = query.ToList 49 Example 6: Later Code Dim query = From city In _ MegacitiesDataSet.Cities Join country In MegacitiesDataSet.Countries On city.country Equals country.name Where country.monetaryUnit = lstCurrencies.Text Order By city.name Ascending Select city.name For Each city As String In query lstCities.Items.Add(city) Next 50 Example 6: Sample Output 51 10.2 Editing and Designing Databases • A Program to Edit the Cities Table • Designing the Form for the Table-Editing Program • Writing the Table-Editing Program • Principles of Database Design 52 Editing Program: Form navigation toolbar 53 Navigation Toolbar 54 Editing Program: Output 55 Building the Form • Start a new program and bind the Cities table. • Add a BindingNavigator control (found in Data group of Toolbox) to the form. Note: BindingNavigator1 appears in component tray and a navigation toolbar appears at the top of the form. 56 Navigation Bar Added button to be changed 57 Change Last Button click here 58 Change Last Button (continued) click on Button 59 Change Last Button (continued) new button • New button has name ToolStripButton 1 • Use the Properties window for the button to change the Name, Text, and Image settings to btnUpdate, Update, and Disk.bmp. 60 Change Last Button (continued) Disk.bmp used for picture on button 61 Bind to Cities Table click here 62 Bind Text Boxes to Cities Table Fields drag these four items onto form 63 Text Boxes and Labels Generated by VB 64 Complete Design of Form 65 Index Numbers • Each record of the table Cities has an index number ranging from 0 to 9. • The value of BindingSource1.Position is the index number of the record currently displayed in the form. 66 Index Numbers (continued) • The statement BindingSource1.Position = n displays the record having index number n. • The value of BindingSource1.Find("name", cityName) is the index number of the specified city. 67 Principles of Database Design • Data should often be stored in their smallest parts. • Avoid redundancy. • Avoid tables with intentionally blank entries. • Strive for table cohesion. • Avoid fields whose values can be calculated from existing fields. 68