Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Movement (kinesiology): anatomy . physiology . biochemistry . physics Control of the bioenergetics of movement: biochemistry . enzymology molecular biology Control of movement: motor control . anatomy . neurophysiology Enhancement of performance: molecular biology . cell biology . signal transduction physics . motor control Bioenergetics of movement: biochemistry . endocrinology Movement and health: nutrition . biochemistry molecular biology . cell biology . immunology . endocrinology . oncology . pathophysiology . toxicology To deal with all this stuff we need a cellular view of the world Cells & Stuff ATP provides energy to build and repair cell structures and membranes. We consume oxygen when the molecules in the food are metabolized to CO2 and H2O and the energy from this process is used to synthesize ATP. Membranes which surround cells and organelles are very sensitive to physical trauma and chemical attack Typical Cell Membrane Cell membranes allow the outside to be different from the inside Ca+ + Ca A Liver Cell Microtrabecular Lattice aka: Cytoskeleton Heart Cells Kidney Cells Testes Cells Organs Cells with the same function are organized as organs: kidney, adrenal, liver, etc. Organs with supporting functions are organized as organ systems: cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries), endocrine system (pituitary, hypothalmus, adrenal, pancreas …), etc. Liver Following Different Treatments Liver from Sedentary-Ethanol Liver from Control Liver from Run-Ethanol Nucleus Stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA. Genetic information (as messenger RNA) can pass from nucleus into cytoplasm, where amino acids are assembled into proteins mRNA Sequence of DNA molecules codes for a sequence of amino acids of a protein. Different sequences of DNA molecules (genes) code for different proteins. Transcription of DNA sequence into mRNA sequence is tightly controlled by transcription activators and repressors which are in turn controlled by metabolic, hormonal, of other signaling processes. Endoplasmic reticulum Extensive membranous network of tubules and flattened sheets Granular ER has ribosomes attached, which are the sites of protein synthesis Smooth ER stores and releases calcium Granular ER Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Series of cup-shaped, flattened membranous sacs associated with numerous vesicles Function is to concentrate, modify and sort newly synthesised proteins prior to secretion from the cell Mitochondrion Krebs’ cycle -oxidation of Large surface area Selective permeability fatty acids Electron transport chain 1 m Active Transport & Life • Energy for active transport which maintains cellular integrity comes mainly from mitochondria … • If mitochondrial function declines then total cell function declines, possibly resulting in cell death … • If a sufficient number of cells die then organ failure results … possibly leading to death of the individual Active Transport Cells spend a tremendous amount of energy moving compounds into the cell (or into the endoplasmic reticulum) and other compounds out of the cell through Active Transport Active Transport of Sodium & Potassium This next set of slides is here to introduce the concept that the reason we get changes with exercise is not to win medals in athletic competition but rather to avoid the toxic effects of exercise. Membranes & Necrosis Membranes which surround cells and organelles are very sensitive to physical trauma, or to chemical damage caused by oxygen radicals or chemical radicals An intact cell membrane acts as a barrier for (among other things) charged particles such as calcium. A damaged cell membrane will allow (among other things) charged particles to enter the cell or organelle. Membranes & Necrosis Damage to cell membranes or to endoplasmic reticulum membranes allows calcium (and other ions) to leak into cell cytoplasm – increasing osmotic pressure and causing swelling Membranes & Necrosis Increased membrane permeability leads to swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum and more calcium leaks. Calcium activates lysosomal enzymes which digest lipids leading to more membrane leaks. Membranes & Necrosis Mitochondria take up calcium and greatly reduce ATP synthesis – leading to poor repair of membranes and increased damage. Mitochondria swell up while cellular membranes fragment and lysosomal enzymes continue to digest cellular components Membranes & Necrosis When the cell membrane is damaged, or “dying”, the cell synthesizes and releases cytokines which initiate an inflammatory process