Download Chapter 8

Structure and Function of Plant and Animal
Cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek: 1600s,
experimented with glass and diamond and
was able to magnify bacteria
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Two lenses which magnify objects
Illuminate specimens between 400 and 1000
times
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Invented in Germany in 1932, refined in 1938
in Canada
Magnifies objects up to 600,000 times
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Transmission electron microscope
Focuses electrons at the object being studied
Specimen must be dead and is covered in
chemicals when it is observed
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Scanning electron microscope
Beam of electrons is passed over specimen
A 3D image is focused on a screen
Living organisms can be examined
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http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/microangela/
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The cell is the smallest unit of life
Cells are made up of organelles which each
carry out a certain function
Organelles are made up of atoms
Atoms are the smallest unit of matter
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Cells combine together to form tissues,
muscle is a tissue
Tissues combine together to form organs,
can you think of examples of organs in the
human body?
Organs work together in systems, examples
include the digestive, respiratory and
circulatory systems
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Robert Hooke was the first person to use the
term cell
He looked at samples of cork in the 1600s
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The cell theory contains 3 key points
◦ All living things are made up of cells
◦ Cells are responsible for structure and
function in living organisms
◦ Cells come from pre-existing cells, they
reproduce
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Plant
Animal
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Nucleus: the control center or brain of the cell,
holds the DNA which contains the genetic
information
Cytoplasm: surrounds the nucleus, holds the
organelles in place
Mitochondria: the powerhouse of the cell, makes
energy using food and oxygen
Vacuole: stores, water, food and waste until the cell
needs it, looks like an empty sac
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): transports materials
such as food, water and waste in and out of the cell
Golgi body: packages and transports protein, holds
waste until the cell can get rid of them, part of the
ER
Cell membrane: a semi permeable layer that
separates the cell from it’s environment, allows
some things in and out while not allowing other
things in and out
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Cell wall: found only in plant cells, non-living,
provides protection and strength for the cell
Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll which gives
plants their green color, where
photosynthesis occurs, located in plant cells
only
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Cytoplasm = whole area of the cell
Cell membrane = city gates
Nucleus = city hall
Mitochondria = power plant
Vacuole = sewage treatment plant and water
storage plant
Golgi = dump
Chloroplast = gardens
ER = roads
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Contains chlorophyll which gives plants their
green color.
Located in plant cells only.
Provides a large surface area to collect
sunlight for photosynthesis.
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Short form ER
Responsible for transporting materials such
as food, water and waste through the cell.
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The Golgi body packages and transports
proteins through the cell and holds the cells
waste products until its ready to get rid of
them.
This is a specialized part of the ER.
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The nucleus is circular shaped, found close to
the middle of the cell.
It is known as the “brain” of the cell.
The nucleus is basically the control center of
the cell. The cell wouldn’t survive without the
nucleus.
This contains the DNA
DNA holds the hereditary instructions.