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Cell Notes Chapter 4
4.1 Vocabulary
• Cells –
• Cell Theory –
• Surface-To-Volume Ratio –
• Cytoplasm -
4.1 Cell Theory: Schleiden, Schwann
and Virchow
• 1) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• 2) Cells are the smallest unit of living
organisms. (Cells are the basic units of life)
• 3) All living organisms are made up of one or
more cells.
4.1 Why are cells so small?
• Larger cells do not function as efficiently.
• Center of the cell = “Command Center”
– Nucleus
– DNA
• The longer it takes to reach the “Command Center”, the
longer life processes take
• See figure 4.2 on page 71 in textbook
– As the cell radius increases, the volume increases
proportionally. Volume is directly proportional to
surface area!
4.1 Shape –vs- Function
• All cells have unique shapes which are not
random, but instead serve specific functions.
• Altering the shape of a cell can alter its ability
to function well.
• Ex: Why must blood cells take their shape?
• Why must neurons have their shape?
4.1 Why must blood cells take their
shape? Neurons?
4.1 Sum It Up!
• All living things are composed of one or more
cells, each a small volume of cytoplasm
surrounded by a cell membrane. Most cells
and their components are so small they can
only be viewed using microscopes.
4.2 Vocabulary
• Fluid mosaic model –
• Lipid Bilayer –
• Proteins within the Membrane –
– Membrane proteins –
– Cell surface proteins –
– Transmembrane proteins -
Figure 4.6 – page 75
Proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer
4.2 Sum It Up!
• All cells are encased within a delicate lipid
bilayer sheet, the plasma membrane, within
which are embedded a variety of proteins that
act as markers or channels through the
membrane.
4.3 Vocabulary
• Prokaryotes –
• Organelles –
– Explain the DNA of a prokaryotic cell.
– Explain what a prokaryotic flagellum is used for.
– Do Prokaryotes have organelles?
Prokaryotes
• Single cells only
• Limited parts (ribosome, cell membrane, cell
wall)
• No specific compartments to perform key
metabolic functions
• Oldest cells on the earth
• Example: Bacteria
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
•
4.3 Sum It Up!
• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and do not
have an extensive system of interior
membranes.
4.4 Vocabulary
- Organelles –
- Nucleus –
- Chromosomes -
- Eukaryotes –
- Plant Cells (internet search)–
- Animal Cells (internet search)–
- Protista (internet search)-
- Cytoskeleton - Cell Walls -
4.4 Eukaryotes
• Single AND multicellular
• Multiple organelles
• Organelles serve as compartments for specific
metabolic functions
• Younger cells
• Ex: Plant and animal cells, protista
4.4 Sum It Up!
• Eukaryotic cells have a system of interior
membranes and membrane-bound organelles
that subdivide the interior into functional
compartments.
FYI
• Kingdom Protista
4.5 Vocab
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Nucleus –
Nuclear Envelope –
Nuclear Pores –
Chromosomes –
Chromatin –
Ribosome rRNA –
Nucleolus Endoplasmic Reticulum –
Plasma Membrane –
Golgi Complex (Apparatus) –
Lysosomes –
Mitochondria –
Chloroplast –
4.5 – The Nucleus
• Nucleus – Command
center of the cell storing
all genetic and hereditary
information
• MAKES PROTEINS
• Nuclear envelope – two
membranes
• Nuclear pore – allows
passage of RNA
• Ribosomes – read RNA
copy of a gene to direct
proteins
Plant Cells
• All living things which
conduct photosynthesis
• Eukaryotic
• Cell Wall
• Chloroplast
• Vacuole
Animal Cells
• Eukaryotic
• NO chloroplast
• No Cell wall
Venn Diagram
• Plant Cell
• Animal Cell
• Prokaryotic Cell
4.5 Sum It Up!
• The nucleus is the command center of the cell,
issuing instructions that control cell activities.
It also stores the cell’s hereditary information.
4.6 Vocabulary
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –
– Rough ER – Smooth ER -
• Golgi Bodies (Complex) –
• Lysosomes –
4.6 Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Rough ER - Cell makes
protein to leave the cell
• Smooth ER – cell makes
carbohydrates & lipids
4.6 Golgi Complex
• “Post office” of the cell
• Collection, packaging,
and distribution of
molecules made by the
cell.
4.6 Lysosomes
• From the Golgi Complex
• Contain Enzymes
• Break down & destroy
“trash” from cells or the
cell themselves.
4.6 Sum It Up!
• An extensive system of interior membranes
organizes the interior of the cell into
functional compartments that manufacture
and deliver proteins and carry out a variety of
specialized chemical processes.
4.7 Vocab
• Mitochondria –
• Chloroplast -
4.7 Organelles with DNA
• Mitochondria
– ENERGY – how the cells
get energy from food!
• 2 membranes
• Cristae
• Matrix!
• Chloroplast
– ENERGY - Photosynthesis
in plants and algae
• Thylakoids – light
powered reactions take
place
4.7 Sum It Up!
• Eukaryotic cells contain several complex
organelles that have their own DNA and are
thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis from
ancient bacteria.
4.8 Vocab
• Cytoskeleton –
3 types of Protein Fibers:
1. Microfilaments –
2. Microtubules –
3. Intermediate filaments • Centrioles –
• Vacuoles -
4.8 Cytoskeleton
• Responsible for the movement of a cell:
– Modification of the shape of a cell
– Modification of the size/location of a cell
– Modification of the rigidity of a cell
• Intermediate filaments – overlapping proteins
provides strength to the cell
• Microtubules – composed of tubulin proteins –
intracellular transportation and stabilization of
cell structure
• Actin microfilaments – 2 strands of the protein
actin twist together to form bundles – this allows
the cell to move.
4.8 Cytoskeleton
• Centrioles – occur in
pairs and located at
right angles to one
another near nuclear
envelope.
• Vacuole – contains
water, sugar, ions, and
pigments. “storage”
4.8 Sum It Up!
• The cytoskeleton is a latticework of protein
fibers that determines a cell’s shape and
anchors organelles to particular locations
within the cytoplasm. Cells can move by
changing their shape.
Whiteboard: Number your Diagram!
SHOW & Explain THE FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING:
• Plant Cell
1. Eukaryotic
2. Cell Wall
3. ER
4. Nucleus
5. Golgi Complex
6. Mitochondria
7. Chloroplast
8. Chromosomes
9. Nucleolus
10. Ribosomes
11. Vacuole
• Animal Cell
1. Eukaryotic
2. Cell Membrane
3. ER
4. Nucleus
5. Golgi Complex
6. Mitochondria
7. Chromosomes
8. Nucleolus
9. Ribosomes