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Pirates of Cells: Bacteria and Viruses What I will learn?? • • • • What is a Virus? How do they multiply? What is bacteria? Where does it exist? Ways that bacteria spread? How are bacterial infections and viral infections treated? Viruses have no nucleus, no organelles, no cytoplasm or cell membrane. • This is why it does not belong to any kingdom. What is a virus? • The Latin name for virus is “poison”. • They are nonliving pathogens. • Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells. • Most viruses are small. • Viruses are particles of: -nucleic acid: DNA or RNA -protein coat: called a capsid • The capsid enables the virus to enter a host cell. The proteins BIND to receptors on the surface of the cell and tricks the cell to allowing it inside. The Virus is inside: What NOW? Lytic vc. Lysogenic cycle • Once inside the cell, one of two things can happen: • 1. The virus can lay dormant (alseep) inside the cell and not cause the organism to get sick. This is called the lysogenic cycle. Diseases that “keep showing up” could be considered lysogenic. • 2. The virus hijacks the cells normal cellular functions and tricks the cell into making more viruses. This will eventually kill the cell and cause more viruses to be released. This is called the lytic cycle. Diseases that begin and end over a short period time could be considered lytic. Viral Diseases • • • • • • Herpes Warts Common cold Influenza (flu) Chicken pox AIDS Lysogenic Cycle Lytic Cycle Viral Transmission • Can you get a viral disease from touching or sitting on a surface?? • The only ways that you can catch a viral disease if from direct contact, an injection, inhalation, or spreading infected body fluids into a cut, your mouth, nose or eyes. • Many studies show that by simply washing your hands prior to eating, rubbing your nose or eyes, you can reduce your chances of getting a viral infection. What is Bacteria • Thinking Question- Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Why? Bacteria • Bacteria are single celled, prokaryotic organisms. • Replicates asexually. • Bacteria can be harmful or beneficial. • There are two kingdoms of bacteria Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria • The larger of the two kingdoms of prokaryotes in the eubacteria. • Eubacteria live almost everywhere! In freshwater, saltwater, on land, and inside the human body. • The cell walls of eubacteria contain a carbohydrate called peptidoglycan, that protects the cell and determine its shape. Archaebacteria • They are very similar to eubacteria except archaebacteria lack the carbohydrate pepidoglycan and different lipids in their cell membranes. • Different gene sequences. • This bacteria can live in very harsh environments. • Some can live in oxygen-fee environments, extremely salty, or extremely hot environments. Identifying Prokaryotes • Cell shape • Cell wall • Movement Bacteria shape • • • • Bacilli- rod shaped Cocci- sphere shaped Spirilla- spiral shaped Flagella- tail-like structures that help to propel the bacteria • Cillia- miniture flagella surround the cell that help to “swim” Obtaining Energy • Autotrophs- makes its own food • Chemotrophs- gets nourishment using chemical energy ExArchaebacteria • Heterotrophs- obtain food from eating Ex- E. coli Bacteria Reproduction • Some bacteria reproduce as fast as every 20 minutes!!! • Bacteria reproduce by 3 ways: • 1.binary fission • 2. conjugation • 3.spore formation Binary Fission Conjugation Spore Formation Why do Bacteria Make us feel Sick? • Some bacteria produce toxins. These chemicals are what cause us to have nausea, diarrhea, or vomiting when we are infected with bacteria. Exfood poisoning • Some secrete enzymes which destroy our normal cell’s functions. • A human’s normal inflammatory response, which includes a fever, immune system, vaccinations are effective or ridding the body of the bacteria. Examples of infections caused by Bacteria: • • • • • • Dental cavities Turberculosis Acne Salmonella Straph Strep Antibiotics • Anti= against • Biotic= living • So this means that antibiotics will only kill living things! • When people get sick with a virus, taking antibiotics will not help them.