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27 October The goal for this next section is to understand the role of the cell membrane in controlling what enters and leaves a cell. Define the following: Diffusion – Concentration gradient – Passive transport – Facilitated Diffusion – Sections 3.3 & 3.4 Osmosis – Selective permeability – Active Transport – Receptor – Intracellular – Ligand - is a substance (usually a small molecule), that forms a complex with another biomolecule, it is a signal molecule that attaches to the binding site on a target protein. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc How the cell membrane is organized. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knv4fNNoEG8&list=PL bKSbFnKYVY25Xu3-g8SZzyvmhle-oYqA&safe=active How the cell membrane functions to regulate the movement of material in and out of the cell. 28 October The goal for this next section is to understand the role of the cell membrane in controlling what enters and leaves a cell. Sections 3.4 Define the following: Hypotonic – Isotonic – Hypertonic – Definitions to remember: passive transport, diffusion, concentration gradient, selective permeability, osmosis, solutions-solutes and solvents. What does the arrow represent? Concentration gradient? Diffusion? Passive transport? Osmosis? Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • There are three types of solutions. • isotonic • hypertonic • hypotonic Diffusion Passive transport Osmosis Concentration gradient http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmos is_works.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeS2-6zHn6M&safe=active Osmosis and Diffusion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y31DlJ6uGgE Cell Membrane Review KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences. Passive transport does not require energy input from a cell. • Passive transport: the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell. • There are two types of passive transport. • diffusion • osmosis Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient (from higher concentration to lower concentration). Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer. cell membrane Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer. There are other molecules embedded in the membrane. The fluid mosaic model describes the arrangement of molecules making up the cell membrane. The membrane is flexible like a liquid and has a variety of molecules like the tiles of a mosaic. cell membrane carbohydrate chain cholesterol protein protein channel protein Phospholipids form a double layer surrounding a cell. They’re made of a polar phosphate head and two non-polar fatty acid tails. Other molecules: Cholesterol: strengthens membranes. Proteins: cell identification, signaling, and aid the movement of materials into and out of the cell. Carbohydrates: aid in cell identification. Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot. Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot. Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. Receptors bind with ligands and change shape. There are two types of receptors. intracellular receptor: inside the cell; bind to molecules that cross the membrane. membrane receptor: in the membrane; bind to molecules that cannot cross; change shape Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. Receptors bind with ligands and change shape. There are two types of receptors. intracellular receptor Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. Receptors detect signal molecules and perform an action in response. 2 1 Ligand Receptor binding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZF2_ItzzVbs&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xT0mAQ4726s 4 November Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. • Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane. • Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins. • Water is moved in and out cells through a protein called an aquaporin. 4 November Sections 3.5 – read pages 89, 90, & 91 Define the following: Active transport – Exocytosis – Endocytosis – Phagocytosis – Review pages 29 & 30 in your Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane. Youtube videos on active transport http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STzOiRqzzL4&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owEgqrq51zY Bill Nye the Science Guy – Cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6N82No4Nz8 Active transport requires energy input from a cell and enables a cell to move a substance against its concentration gradient. • Passive transport requires no energy from the cell. • Active transport is powered by chemical energy (ATP). • Active transport occurs through transport protein pumps. • Cells use active transport to maintain homeostasis. A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. • Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell. This process requires energy. • Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis. A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. • Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Exocytosis is the process of expelling material from the cell. Inserting a Table and Graph into a Word Document Table http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/insert-or-create-a-table-HA010034300.aspx Graph http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/insert-a-chart-from-an-excel-spreadsheet-into-word-HA102840136.aspx For each additional, meaningful graph that is added and used in your paper you will receive one bonus point. 6 November Begin Chapter 4 – Cells and Energy Define the following: Cellular Respiration – Photosynthesis – Answer these Questions, using your textbook 1) Where does the energy come from that makes it possible for us to move, learn, and think? 2) Where does that energy conversion process take place and what are the three steps in this process called? 3) At the end of respiration, what are all the products that were created? Answers: 1) Where does the energy come from that makes it possible for us to move, learn, and think? (The sun – page 100) 2) Where does that energy conversion process take place and what are the three steps in this process called? (Mitochondria – page 113 & 114) 3) At the end of respiration, what are all the products that were created? 8 November Study Guide Chapters Chapter 4 Page 31 All Questions Page 32 – 7 & 8 Page 33 All Questions Page 34 All Questions * Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule Lipid molecules Fat: 1 gram = 9 calories Protein: 1 gram = 4 calories Carbohydrates: 1 gram = 4 calories What we have done over the past two weeks: Mon – Nov 10 - test Tues – Nov 11 – No school, Veteran’s Day Wed – Nov 12 – Intro to photosynthesis Thurs – Nov 13 - IBIS Fri – Nov 14 - IBIS Mon – Nov 17 - IBIS Tues – Nov 18 – Respiration/Photosynthesis packet due Wed – Nov 19 – Respiration (seeds) lab Thurs – Nov 20 - finish photosynthesis Fri – Nov 21 – Quiz on Respiration and Photosynthesis 20 November Define the following: Aerobic – Anaerobic – ADP & ATP – Which organisms are producers and which are consumers (autotrophs) (heterotrophs) Where does Photosynthesis and Respiration take place? ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. – Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. – ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. phosphate removed mitochondrion animal cell mitochondrion energy from glycolysis ATP matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO2 energy We eat food inner membrane 6O2 We breath in oxygen ATP and 6H2 O 4 Energy & Enzymes C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP Glycolysis – The splitting of a sugar molecule ATP and 6CO2 Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain 6O2 ATP and 6H2 O 4 * Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. – not stored in large amounts – up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule adenosine triphosphate tri=3 adenosine di=2 diphosphate Define the following: Stomata – Guard cells – Xylem – Phloem – Epidermis – Mesophyll – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4 Sunlight & chlorophyll 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Energy & Enzymes * Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 6 6 6 RESPIRATION + 6 + 6 6 6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78ut cLQrJ4&spfreload=10 Photosynthesis Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. similar to photosynthesis uses chemical energy instead of light energy • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. * Fermentation is an anaerobic process. * occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration * does not produce ATP Fermentation is used in food production. – yogurt – cheese – bread 24 November Define the following from Chapter 5: What are the components of the Cell Cycle? The last phase is Mitosis, where there are four phases to know. Cytokinesis – Mitosis (purpose) – Meiosis (purpose) – Chromosome – Study Guide Questions: Pg. 43 Pg. 44 Pg. 45 Pg. 46 – do all - #s 5, 6, 9, 12, & 13 - #s 1 & 3 - #s 5, the diagram, 7 & 8 * The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division. * The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, and mitosis. – Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions – DNA synthesis (S): copies DNA – Gap 2 (G2): additional growth – Mitosis (M): includes division of the cell nucleus (mitosis) and division of the cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis) • Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA undamaged. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cVZBV9tD-A Mitosis 24 November With your book closed, write the phases of mitosis. What do you remember? What is the end result of mitosis? Define the following: Diploid (2n) – Haploid (n) – Centrioles – Asexual reproduction – How big should cells be? Why do cells occur in different sizes? http://staff.fcps.net/cverdecc/Adv%20Biology/Note s/The%20cell/ch5%20%20the%20cell%20notes.htm * Too small: not enough space for organelles * Too large: not enough material can move across surface * Surface area must allow for adequate exchange of materials. – Cell growth is coordinated with division. – Cells that must be large have unique shapes. * The rate of cell division varies with the need for those types of cells. • Some cells will never divide, perpetual (G0). 1) What is the end result of mitosis? 2) At the end of mitosis, were the chromosomes the only things to be given to the new cells or were the organelles also redistributed? 3) What are the phases of mitosis? 4) What is the end result of meiosis? 5) What does fertilization mean? 6) What happens during crossing over during meiosis? 7) Darwin developed theory of natural selection, which laid the foundation for evolution. Mendel developed the laws of genetic inheritance. What scientific concept(s) did Thomas Hunt Morgan develop? 1) What is the end result of mitosis? 2) At the end of mitosis, were the chromosomes the only things to be given to the new cells or were the organelles also redistributed? 3) What are the phases of mitosis? 4) What is the end result of meiosis? 5) What does fertilization mean? 6) What happens during crossing over during meiosis? 7) Darwin developed theory of natural selection, which laid the foundation for evolution. Mendel developed the laws of genetic inheritance. What scientific concept(s) did Thomas Hunt Morgan develop? Parent cell * Interphase prepares the cell to divide. * During interphase, the centrioles DNA is duplicated. * Chromosomes condense tightly for mitosis. spindle fibers centrosome nucleus with DNA * Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. – During prophase, chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form. * Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. – During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. * Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. – During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. • Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases. – During telophase, the new nuclei form and chromosomes begin to uncoil. * Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells. – In animal cells, the membrane pinches closed. – In plant cells, a cell plate forms. 4 December Define the following: Apoptosis – Cancer – Benign – Malignant – Metastasize – Carcinogens – Growth Factors – Binary fission – Somatic cells – Goal for today is to understand what happens when cells grow out of control. Study Guide Questions: Pg. 48 – do the ‘concept map’ and questions 10 - 13 * A chromosome is one long continuous thread of DNA. * DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it. DNA double helix DNA and histones Chromatin Supercoiled DNA * DNA plus proteins is called chromatin, which is formed during interphase. • One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid. • Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere. centromere Condensed, duplicated chromosome Sister Chromatids KEY CONCEPT Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth. * External factors include physical and chemical signals. * Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell division. * Cell-to cell contact: most mammal cells form a single layer in a culture dish and stop dividing once they touch other cells. * Internal factors can be triggered by external factors, which affect the cell cycle. * Two of the most important internal factors are kinases and cyclins. * Kinases are enzymes that activate cyclins. *Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer. • Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells. * Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions. • Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation. * Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors. – Benign tumors remain clustered and can be removed. – Malignant tumors metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors. normal cell cancer cell bloodstream • Apoptosis is programmed cell death. * a normal feature of healthy organisms * caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes * occurs in development of infants webbed fingers * Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent. * Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell. * Binary fission occurs in parent cell prokaryotes. DNA duplicates cell begins to divide daughter cells * Fragmentation is the splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism. • Vegetative reproduction forms a new plant from the modification of a stem or underground structure on the parent plant. 5 December Goal for today is to understand that genetic diversity is due to Prophase I of meiosis. Define the following: Study Guide Questions: Pg. 53 – all questions Pg. 54 – 9 – 15 Pg. 55 – all questions Gametes – Homologous chromosomes – Autosomes – (they occur in somatic cells) Sex chromosomes – Reduction division – What is the end result of meiosis? * Body cells are also called somatic cells. * Somatic cells make up most body tissue and organs, not passed on to offspring. * Gametes (germ cells) * located in the ovaries and testes. * Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm. * Gametes are the cells that pass traits to offspring (children). body cells sex cells (sperm) • Your body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. – Homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same structure. – For each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent. • Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes. These contain genes not directly related to gender. • Sex chromosomes, X and Y, determine gender in mammals. *Fertilization between egg and sperm occurs in sexual reproduction. *Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of every chromosome. *Body cells are diploid, and divide by mitosis. *Half the chromosomes come from each parent. How many chromosomes are present? • Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome. – Gametes are haploid, result from meiosis. – Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. How many chromosomes are present? • Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells. – Meiosis occurs in sex cells. – Meiosis produces gametes. • Chromosome number must be maintained in animals. • Many plants have more than two copies of each chromosome. • Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that make different types of cells. • Mitosis makes more diploid cells. Can you list the features unique to each process in the table below? Mitosis Meiosis Do you understand the difference between the following reproductive strategies? Asexual reproduction – Binary fission – Is it more advantageous for an organism to be asexual? 1) What is the end result of mitosis? 2) What is the end result of meiosis? 3) What are homologous chromosomes? 4) What happens to the chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis? 5) What are the difference between plant and animal mitosis? http://www.ted.com/talks/spencer_wells_is_building_a_family_tree_for_al l_humanity.html Spencer Wells