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Chapter 15: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Critical Thinking • Definition & Characteristics (Dr. Richard Paul) – “A systematic way to form and shape one’s thinking” – Functions purposefully & exactingly – Disciplined – Comprehensive – Based on intellectual standards – Well-reasoned Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Critical Thinking (cont’d) • Features of Critical Thinking in Health Care – Purposeful & results-oriented – Based on principles of: • Health care practice • Scientific method – Evidence-based – Guided by professional standards & ethics codes – Self-correcting through constant reevaluation Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Critical Thinking (cont’d) • Analyzing and Evaluating Information – What is the main purpose? – What is the most important information? – What data support the main purpose? – What are the key concepts or most important ideas? How do they relate to the main purpose? – What message is the author trying to convey? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Critical Thinking (cont’d) • Improving Your Critical-Thinking Skills – Clarify your thinking – Discipline your thinking – Ask meaningful questions – Be willing to change your mind Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Problem Solving • Basic Problem-Solving Approach in Action – Identify the problem – Gather information & identify possible solutions – Select the best option – Implement the solution – Evaluate the results Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Problem Solving (cont’d) • Basic problem-solving approach Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Problem Solving (cont’d) • Trial-and-Error Problem Solving – Testing solutions until one is found that works – Not effective in health care – Can be dangerous Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Problem Solving (cont’d) • Scientific Problem Solving – Problem identification – Data collection – Hypothesis formulation – Plan of action – Hypothesis testing – Interpretation of results – Evaluation Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Problem Solving (cont’d) • Intuitive Problem Solving – Based on inner prompting or instinct – No logical thinking – Identifying a solution to a problem based on its similarity or dissimilarity to other problems Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills • Four Processes of Studying – Refreshing one’s memory – Taking in new information – Organizing & memorizing data – Making connections among information Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Study Area: Desired Features – Adequate but not overwhelming lighting – Comfortable temperature – Soft, non-distracting background music – White noise – No phone – No TV Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Daily Preparation – Read texts – Review notes – Study patient files – Analyze test results – Consult fellow learners or colleagues – Examine additional resources Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Reading Strategies – Pay attention to bold & italicized print – Write main paragraph points in page margins or a notebook – Read everything, including: • Tables • Graphs • Illustrations Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Three Parts of Learning Information – Reception: taking in information without knowing what it means – Perception: giving meaning to information – Selection: recognizing information as important or unimportant Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Types of Memory – Working memory – Short-term memory – Long-term memory Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Techniques for recalling information – Say or write down everything you can remember – Try to recall events or information in a different order – Recreate the learning environment or relive the event Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Different Strategies for Learning – Make associations – Acronyms & acrostics – Flashcards – Music Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Study Groups: Characteristics of Effective Members – Committed – Contributing – Compatible – Considerate Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Study Skills (cont’d) • Study Groups: Making the Most of Study Sessions – Determine objectives – Prepare in advance – Alternate instruction – Focus on the task Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins